1
00:00:25,990 --> 00:00:24,070
good morning and welcome to nasa

2
00:00:27,990 --> 00:00:26,000
headquarters we're excited to have with

3
00:00:29,429 --> 00:00:28,000
us here today seven astronauts from the

4
00:00:31,029 --> 00:00:29,439
apollo program

5
00:00:32,790 --> 00:00:31,039
they're here to help us commemorate the

6
00:00:33,910 --> 00:00:32,800
historic first lunar landing 40 years

7
00:00:35,510 --> 00:00:33,920
ago today

8
00:00:37,110 --> 00:00:35,520
joining us here in the order they first

9
00:00:42,229 --> 00:00:37,120
flew on apollo

10
00:00:51,350 --> 00:00:46,549
james lovell with apollo 8 and apollo 13

11
00:00:55,430 --> 00:00:51,360
david scott with apollo 9 apollo 15

12
00:01:03,029 --> 00:00:59,270
charles duke apollo 16.

13
00:01:04,630 --> 00:01:03,039
thomas stafford apollo 10

14
00:01:08,149 --> 00:01:04,640
and eugene cernan

15
00:01:10,149 --> 00:01:08,159
apollo 10 and apollo 17.

16
00:01:11,429 --> 00:01:10,159
the paul astronauts will begin i think

17
00:01:12,630 --> 00:01:11,439
actually jim loves going to begin with

18
00:01:14,630 --> 00:01:12,640
an opening statement and then we'll take

19
00:01:16,710 --> 00:01:14,640
q a here at nasa headquarters followed

20
00:01:17,830 --> 00:01:16,720
by our nasa field centers

21
00:01:19,429 --> 00:01:17,840
jim

22
00:01:24,070 --> 00:01:19,439
john thank you

23
00:01:28,230 --> 00:01:24,080
i think that today we ought to look at

24
00:01:30,789 --> 00:01:28,240
july 20th and the celebration of the

25
00:01:33,429 --> 00:01:30,799
landing of apollo 11 and really the in

26
00:01:36,310 --> 00:01:33,439
in really the uh

27
00:01:40,550 --> 00:01:36,320
uh complete context of what we're doing

28
00:01:42,550 --> 00:01:40,560
here this is not just uh to celebrate uh

29
00:01:45,109 --> 00:01:42,560
the flight of the last 60 miles of the

30
00:01:47,190 --> 00:01:45,119
apollo living crew to the landing

31
00:01:49,749 --> 00:01:47,200
certainly we all honor the apollo 11

32
00:01:50,789 --> 00:01:49,759
crew and the people that provided their

33
00:01:54,469 --> 00:01:50,799
support

34
00:01:56,630 --> 00:01:54,479
in reality this is a national

35
00:01:58,789 --> 00:01:56,640
celebration of the completion of

36
00:02:01,429 --> 00:01:58,799
something that president kennedy

37
00:02:04,389 --> 00:02:01,439
suggested and committed to

38
00:02:05,749 --> 00:02:04,399
nine years before the landing of apollo

39
00:02:07,990 --> 00:02:05,759
11.

40
00:02:11,670 --> 00:02:08,000
and we have to really celebrate in a

41
00:02:13,990 --> 00:02:11,680
national scope uh the flights of mercury

42
00:02:17,270 --> 00:02:14,000
the original pioneers and what they did

43
00:02:19,750 --> 00:02:17,280
there uh the flights of gemini that did

44
00:02:21,830 --> 00:02:19,760
all the work that uh and all the

45
00:02:24,390 --> 00:02:21,840
processes and the rendezvous and the

46
00:02:26,390 --> 00:02:24,400
evas and the long distance flights that

47
00:02:28,470 --> 00:02:26,400
made the final landing on the moon

48
00:02:30,309 --> 00:02:28,480
possible and then we have to look at

49
00:02:33,670 --> 00:02:30,319
some of the early

50
00:02:35,030 --> 00:02:33,680
apollo flights that uh that finally

51
00:02:38,470 --> 00:02:35,040
led the way

52
00:02:40,309 --> 00:02:38,480
made

53
00:02:43,750 --> 00:02:40,319
this final 11

54
00:02:45,430 --> 00:02:43,760
uh landing a really a national

55
00:02:46,949 --> 00:02:45,440
celebration and something that we can

56
00:02:49,830 --> 00:02:46,959
all be proud of so

57
00:02:51,750 --> 00:02:49,840
in aspects of all the apollo uh

58
00:02:55,270 --> 00:02:51,760
celebrations we've had this year we've

59
00:02:58,149 --> 00:02:55,280
had seven and ten and eight

60
00:03:00,470 --> 00:02:58,159
this is really a national celebration

61
00:03:04,149 --> 00:03:00,480
this is really a celebration for all

62
00:03:07,350 --> 00:03:04,159
those people that helped neil and buzz

63
00:03:08,149 --> 00:03:07,360
and mike make that final 60 miles

64
00:03:11,030 --> 00:03:08,159
uh

65
00:03:13,670 --> 00:03:11,040
travel to the surface of the boat and so

66
00:03:15,830 --> 00:03:13,680
we're all here to celebrate this day on

67
00:03:17,830 --> 00:03:15,840
really a national scope of a great

68
00:03:20,550 --> 00:03:17,840
project

69
00:03:24,470 --> 00:03:20,560
in a bold move and well conceived and a

70
00:03:29,270 --> 00:03:26,630
okay thank you we'll start taking

71
00:03:32,070 --> 00:03:29,280
questions here any other open remarks

72
00:03:33,430 --> 00:03:32,080
from anyone

73
00:03:35,509 --> 00:03:33,440
okay we'll start taking uh questions

74
00:03:36,949 --> 00:03:35,519
here at nasa headquarters uh followed by

75
00:03:39,190 --> 00:03:36,959
our field centers remember to wait for

76
00:03:41,030 --> 00:03:39,200
the microphone state your full name and

77
00:03:42,149 --> 00:03:41,040
affiliation and who your question is

78
00:03:43,750 --> 00:03:42,159
directed to

79
00:03:52,470 --> 00:03:43,760
um questions

80
00:03:56,789 --> 00:03:54,550
it's working good morning

81
00:03:59,110 --> 00:03:56,799
tomm fitzgerald from fox television wttg

82
00:04:01,270 --> 00:03:59,120
here in washington

83
00:04:02,710 --> 00:04:01,280
mr aldrin if i could ask you uh we'll

84
00:04:06,710 --> 00:04:02,720
start with you since this is the

85
00:04:09,110 --> 00:04:06,720
anniversary of the apollo 11 landing

86
00:04:09,910 --> 00:04:09,120
so many people talk about where they

87
00:04:11,750 --> 00:04:09,920
thought

88
00:04:14,789 --> 00:04:11,760
the united states and the space program

89
00:04:16,870 --> 00:04:14,799
it would be by now looking back on this

90
00:04:19,030 --> 00:04:16,880
day 40 years ago

91
00:04:20,710 --> 00:04:19,040
where do you think where did you think

92
00:04:22,629 --> 00:04:20,720
we would be by now

93
00:04:25,030 --> 00:04:22,639
and where do you see us

94
00:04:27,510 --> 00:04:25,040
moving forward from this point

95
00:04:31,270 --> 00:04:27,520
in 2009

96
00:04:33,909 --> 00:04:31,280
i think we were all caught up with the

97
00:04:36,710 --> 00:04:33,919
task at hand to give a whole lot of

98
00:04:39,590 --> 00:04:36,720
thought to where this really would fit

99
00:04:41,749 --> 00:04:39,600
into the future i would call it

100
00:04:44,710 --> 00:04:41,759
being naive maybe

101
00:04:47,670 --> 00:04:44,720
in comparison to where i think

102
00:04:52,150 --> 00:04:47,680
i as an individual stand today looking

103
00:04:53,430 --> 00:04:52,160
at the past and looking at the future

104
00:04:55,909 --> 00:04:53,440
clearly

105
00:04:58,710 --> 00:04:55,919
the commitment to land on the moon was

106
00:05:00,710 --> 00:04:58,720
absolutely pioneering

107
00:05:02,150 --> 00:05:00,720
uncharted

108
00:05:04,469 --> 00:05:02,160
technology

109
00:05:07,110 --> 00:05:04,479
and we achieved that and flushed with

110
00:05:08,390 --> 00:05:07,120
success six out of seven successful

111
00:05:10,790 --> 00:05:08,400
landings

112
00:05:12,790 --> 00:05:10,800
about the odds that we thought

113
00:05:16,629 --> 00:05:12,800
our mission was that we would be able to

114
00:05:19,510 --> 00:05:16,639
land and and come back 95 i guess we

115
00:05:21,430 --> 00:05:19,520
felt of coming back alive

116
00:05:25,110 --> 00:05:21,440
uh

117
00:05:26,710 --> 00:05:25,120
so i i think we're we we are today is is

118
00:05:29,270 --> 00:05:26,720
quite a bit different

119
00:05:31,909 --> 00:05:29,280
uh with the success that we had with

120
00:05:33,510 --> 00:05:31,919
apollo and when we chose to terminate

121
00:05:36,230 --> 00:05:33,520
that because of

122
00:05:38,629 --> 00:05:36,240
a fading interest in

123
00:05:41,270 --> 00:05:38,639
wondrous things being done on on the

124
00:05:44,150 --> 00:05:41,280
last missions that the gene was involved

125
00:05:45,909 --> 00:05:44,160
in just tremendous achievements but but

126
00:05:48,310 --> 00:05:45,919
it was not really stimulating the

127
00:05:51,189 --> 00:05:48,320
ongoing interest of the people we had uh

128
00:05:53,189 --> 00:05:51,199
southeast asia problems going on uh with

129
00:05:54,629 --> 00:05:53,199
good friends of us all of us

130
00:05:56,950 --> 00:05:54,639
probably would have been over there

131
00:05:59,189 --> 00:05:56,960
dropping bombs shooting shooting down

132
00:06:00,710 --> 00:05:59,199
migs or something had it not been for

133
00:06:04,469 --> 00:06:00,720
the space program

134
00:06:07,749 --> 00:06:04,479
we had those things to solve we had a a

135
00:06:10,390 --> 00:06:07,759
sort of a new uh uprising

136
00:06:11,270 --> 00:06:10,400
of uh questioning authority

137
00:06:21,110 --> 00:06:11,280
uh

138
00:06:24,309 --> 00:06:21,120
decisions and maybe a few of them going

139
00:06:26,150 --> 00:06:24,319
to canada or whatever

140
00:06:28,870 --> 00:06:26,160
there was clearly uh

141
00:06:30,629 --> 00:06:28,880
a flower in the end of a rifle there was

142
00:06:33,510 --> 00:06:30,639
there was an opposition to what the

143
00:06:35,909 --> 00:06:33,520
government was doing

144
00:06:39,110 --> 00:06:35,919
uh with the success that we had with

145
00:06:40,070 --> 00:06:39,120
with apollo i i think perhaps we uh

146
00:06:42,710 --> 00:06:40,080
uh

147
00:06:45,110 --> 00:06:42,720
felt we could do much more by catching

148
00:06:47,990 --> 00:06:45,120
up what we'd left behind and that is

149
00:06:50,790 --> 00:06:48,000
reusable spacecraft

150
00:06:53,110 --> 00:06:50,800
going to low-earth orbit to a laboratory

151
00:06:55,990 --> 00:06:53,120
that would begin to do all sorts of

152
00:06:57,670 --> 00:06:56,000
wondrous things in low-earth orbit well

153
00:07:00,629 --> 00:06:57,680
unfortunately neither of those quite

154
00:07:03,029 --> 00:07:00,639
lived up to the marketing expectations

155
00:07:06,950 --> 00:07:03,039
that we put on on them

156
00:07:09,110 --> 00:07:06,960
uh and now we're still uh attempting to

157
00:07:11,029 --> 00:07:09,120
begin to terminate

158
00:07:11,909 --> 00:07:11,039
those activities

159
00:07:14,629 --> 00:07:11,919
uh

160
00:07:16,790 --> 00:07:14,639
and i think we're getting back to what

161
00:07:19,510 --> 00:07:16,800
nasa and what the country really likes

162
00:07:21,670 --> 00:07:19,520
to see and that's exploration

163
00:07:23,510 --> 00:07:21,680
to me exploration is going to some place

164
00:07:25,350 --> 00:07:23,520
you haven't been before

165
00:07:28,070 --> 00:07:25,360
i'm sure i'll get into that a little

166
00:07:28,080 --> 00:07:32,469
thank you next question

167
00:07:38,550 --> 00:07:36,150
hi uh jeff kluger uh time magazine

168
00:07:40,710 --> 00:07:38,560
um i'm wondering if any of you guys want

169
00:07:43,110 --> 00:07:40,720
to comment on the um

170
00:07:45,430 --> 00:07:43,120
the uh likely recommendations of the

171
00:07:47,990 --> 00:07:45,440
augustine commission when it releases

172
00:07:50,309 --> 00:07:48,000
its uh its guidelines or its suggestions

173
00:07:52,309 --> 00:07:50,319
in august uh do you feel nasa is on the

174
00:07:53,189 --> 00:07:52,319
right track now for return to the moon

175
00:07:55,430 --> 00:07:53,199
do you think there should be a

176
00:07:57,749 --> 00:07:55,440
modification of the um

177
00:08:00,309 --> 00:07:57,759
the plans for the boosters being used

178
00:08:02,550 --> 00:08:00,319
and is the timetable generally correct

179
00:08:05,029 --> 00:08:02,560
or do we need a little more time to fly

180
00:08:06,869 --> 00:08:05,039
the shuttle before we uh before we uh

181
00:08:09,110 --> 00:08:06,879
put that away jeff i've talked to you on

182
00:08:14,950 --> 00:08:09,120
the phone but i can't see where are you

183
00:08:21,909 --> 00:08:18,710
you know back in 1989

184
00:08:24,790 --> 00:08:21,919
president bush 41 president bush senior

185
00:08:27,270 --> 00:08:24,800
the 20th anniversary of the first lunar

186
00:08:29,430 --> 00:08:27,280
landing said nasa you know after

187
00:08:31,189 --> 00:08:29,440
completing the space station said

188
00:08:33,430 --> 00:08:31,199
should set its sight after the turn of

189
00:08:35,589 --> 00:08:33,440
the century turning to the moon at this

190
00:08:37,509 --> 00:08:35,599
time to stay and then eventually an

191
00:08:38,469 --> 00:08:37,519
expedition potentially to mars and

192
00:08:41,190 --> 00:08:38,479
started

193
00:08:43,909 --> 00:08:41,200
you know that idea and then there was

194
00:08:46,150 --> 00:08:43,919
several things put forth by nasa that uh

195
00:08:48,630 --> 00:08:46,160
so i then the reactivated space council

196
00:08:50,870 --> 00:08:48,640
disagreed with and then i got asked to

197
00:08:53,110 --> 00:08:50,880
volunteer to had a task force

198
00:08:54,790 --> 00:08:53,120
which i did for about a year voluntarily

199
00:08:55,670 --> 00:08:54,800
and had two floors over here in crystal

200
00:08:57,590 --> 00:08:55,680
city

201
00:08:59,350 --> 00:08:57,600
and put together

202
00:09:00,870 --> 00:08:59,360
all the ideas from

203
00:09:03,910 --> 00:09:00,880
the department of defense nasa

204
00:09:05,590 --> 00:09:03,920
department of energy academia ideas from

205
00:09:07,110 --> 00:09:05,600
around america all the aerospace

206
00:09:09,990 --> 00:09:07,120
industrial firms

207
00:09:12,310 --> 00:09:10,000
and it's called america at the threshold

208
00:09:14,790 --> 00:09:12,320
and we have showed the

209
00:09:17,190 --> 00:09:14,800
basic uh technology priorities in the

210
00:09:17,990 --> 00:09:17,200
different options of architectures

211
00:09:20,150 --> 00:09:18,000
and

212
00:09:22,150 --> 00:09:20,160
what they have today in constellation is

213
00:09:25,110 --> 00:09:22,160
somewhat of a modification of one of

214
00:09:26,710 --> 00:09:25,120
those but today the augustine commission

215
00:09:27,910 --> 00:09:26,720
and president obama's asked him to

216
00:09:30,070 --> 00:09:27,920
review it

217
00:09:32,230 --> 00:09:30,080
and norm augustine asked me to be the

218
00:09:34,389 --> 00:09:32,240
first one to make a presentation and

219
00:09:36,550 --> 00:09:34,399
told him you know that here

220
00:09:37,829 --> 00:09:36,560
here were the options and

221
00:09:40,070 --> 00:09:37,839
really about the only one you could look

222
00:09:41,110 --> 00:09:40,080
at is architecture one will go into that

223
00:09:43,670 --> 00:09:41,120
but uh

224
00:09:45,350 --> 00:09:43,680
there's a they're looking at the

225
00:09:46,710 --> 00:09:45,360
at the options and from that they'll

226
00:09:49,350 --> 00:09:46,720
make a series they'll make

227
00:09:52,230 --> 00:09:49,360
recommendations that here is a series of

228
00:09:54,470 --> 00:09:52,240
options what we should do but you know

229
00:09:56,550 --> 00:09:54,480
the nature of nasa bus is outlined it is

230
00:09:58,550 --> 00:09:56,560
to explore and go ahead now everybody

231
00:09:59,430 --> 00:09:58,560
can have their own little design

232
00:10:01,670 --> 00:09:59,440
but

233
00:10:04,150 --> 00:10:01,680
we have a new administrator now some

234
00:10:06,310 --> 00:10:04,160
good people on board and let's have them

235
00:10:07,990 --> 00:10:06,320
look at the options and decide what is

236
00:10:10,870 --> 00:10:08,000
reasonable to go forward to have this

237
00:10:13,350 --> 00:10:10,880
country explore again

238
00:10:18,150 --> 00:10:13,360
walter cunningham

239
00:10:21,110 --> 00:10:19,590
the first question that was asked i

240
00:10:23,670 --> 00:10:21,120
don't think there was a soul in the

241
00:10:25,590 --> 00:10:23,680
astronaut office back in the 1960s that

242
00:10:28,310 --> 00:10:25,600
wouldn't have thought we would have been

243
00:10:30,310 --> 00:10:28,320
on the moon by the year 2000

244
00:10:33,509 --> 00:10:30,320
uh because

245
00:10:36,150 --> 00:10:33,519
mars excuse me mars that's

246
00:10:37,829 --> 00:10:36,160
a big mistake uh but that's the way we

247
00:10:39,990 --> 00:10:37,839
thought about it in those days but when

248
00:10:41,350 --> 00:10:40,000
you ask about the augustine commission i

249
00:10:43,829 --> 00:10:41,360
don't think there's anyone that's better

250
00:10:45,990 --> 00:10:43,839
qualified than nasa to evaluate the

251
00:10:48,230 --> 00:10:46,000
various options

252
00:10:49,590 --> 00:10:48,240
but it may all be very academic because

253
00:10:52,870 --> 00:10:49,600
it's not

254
00:10:54,230 --> 00:10:52,880
in this uh era unless it has the funding

255
00:10:56,630 --> 00:10:54,240
to do it it doesn't make any difference

256
00:11:00,470 --> 00:10:56,640
which option they take and that seems to

257
00:11:02,470 --> 00:11:00,480
be probably the most critical point

258
00:11:04,470 --> 00:11:02,480
until we were willing to pay the price

259
00:11:06,230 --> 00:11:04,480
the american public is not going to have

260
00:11:09,110 --> 00:11:06,240
a very aggressive

261
00:11:11,350 --> 00:11:09,120
space program again

262
00:11:14,310 --> 00:11:11,360
thank you tracy watson yeah tracy watson

263
00:11:16,470 --> 00:11:14,320
with usa today for mr cernan and mr duke

264
00:11:18,230 --> 00:11:16,480
i think since you've had a good stretch

265
00:11:20,630 --> 00:11:18,240
of time on the moon what advice would

266
00:11:22,630 --> 00:11:20,640
you offer nasa about sending astronauts

267
00:11:24,470 --> 00:11:22,640
back for longer missions what are the

268
00:11:27,430 --> 00:11:24,480
big considerations in your mind about

269
00:11:29,910 --> 00:11:27,440
making making that stay there um

270
00:11:32,310 --> 00:11:29,920
you know productive and and reasonably

271
00:11:34,310 --> 00:11:32,320
comfortable thanks

272
00:11:38,949 --> 00:11:34,320
go ahead

273
00:11:42,550 --> 00:11:38,959
you'll find out most of us have a lot of

274
00:11:43,670 --> 00:11:42,560
advice for nasa at this point

275
00:11:45,110 --> 00:11:43,680
i get a lot of advice for the

276
00:11:46,389 --> 00:11:45,120
administration too which you may not

277
00:11:48,870 --> 00:11:46,399
want to hear about

278
00:11:51,990 --> 00:11:48,880
but i i think so goes the administration

279
00:11:53,269 --> 00:11:52,000
so goes america so goes to space program

280
00:12:09,269 --> 00:11:53,279
and uh

281
00:12:14,550 --> 00:12:11,509
to the final steps on the moon the space

282
00:12:16,710 --> 00:12:14,560
program sort of mirrors the last 230

283
00:12:18,870 --> 00:12:16,720
years of this country think about it

284
00:12:21,670 --> 00:12:18,880
we had to accept challenges we had to be

285
00:12:22,829 --> 00:12:21,680
bold we had to take risks

286
00:12:25,509 --> 00:12:22,839
we had to make

287
00:12:28,710 --> 00:12:25,519
sacrifices and think about that and in a

288
00:12:31,350 --> 00:12:28,720
sense it's a it's a capsulation of

289
00:12:33,269 --> 00:12:31,360
it's encapsulation of 230 years of what

290
00:12:35,190 --> 00:12:33,279
america is all about

291
00:12:37,350 --> 00:12:35,200
we can recapture that kind of spirit in

292
00:12:38,949 --> 00:12:37,360
america we can recapture the spirit of

293
00:12:41,190 --> 00:12:38,959
the space program

294
00:12:42,470 --> 00:12:41,200
and the greatest legacy i think we have

295
00:12:45,110 --> 00:12:42,480
from apollo

296
00:12:46,470 --> 00:12:45,120
is the inspiration it provided for those

297
00:12:49,509 --> 00:12:46,480
young dreamers who follow in our

298
00:12:53,269 --> 00:12:51,590
we can live and stay on the moon as long

299
00:12:55,509 --> 00:12:53,279
as we want to charlie and i were there

300
00:12:56,870 --> 00:12:55,519
for three days i mean we both i'm sure

301
00:12:58,230 --> 00:12:56,880
would rather have been there for three

302
00:12:59,990 --> 00:12:58,240
weeks

303
00:13:00,870 --> 00:13:00,000
we didn't have the capability nor the

304
00:13:03,190 --> 00:13:00,880
time

305
00:13:04,790 --> 00:13:03,200
but we need to go back to the moon

306
00:13:07,590 --> 00:13:04,800
we need to learn a little bit more about

307
00:13:09,590 --> 00:13:07,600
what we think we know already we need to

308
00:13:11,829 --> 00:13:09,600
establish bases put new telescopes on

309
00:13:13,829 --> 00:13:11,839
the moon get prepared to go to mars

310
00:13:15,829 --> 00:13:13,839
because the ultimate goal

311
00:13:17,590 --> 00:13:15,839
truly is the goal of mars

312
00:13:18,949 --> 00:13:17,600
and you know someone asked a question

313
00:13:21,030 --> 00:13:18,959
earlier about

314
00:13:22,150 --> 00:13:21,040
about whether we where we thought we

315
00:13:23,750 --> 00:13:22,160
were going

316
00:13:25,590 --> 00:13:23,760
i was the last guy in the moon and when

317
00:13:27,350 --> 00:13:25,600
i came back i got in my soap box and you

318
00:13:28,949 --> 00:13:27,360
know everyone said how's it feel to be

319
00:13:30,870 --> 00:13:28,959
the tail of the dog how does it feel to

320
00:13:32,870 --> 00:13:30,880
be the last one over the fence the end

321
00:13:34,389 --> 00:13:32,880
and i kept saying it's not the end it's

322
00:13:37,030 --> 00:13:34,399
the beginning

323
00:13:39,509 --> 00:13:37,040
and i really believed that we'd be back

324
00:13:41,430 --> 00:13:39,519
to the moon by the end of that decade

325
00:13:43,269 --> 00:13:41,440
and on our way to mars

326
00:13:45,509 --> 00:13:43,279
by the turn of the century

327
00:13:48,629 --> 00:13:45,519
my glass has been half empty

328
00:13:49,509 --> 00:13:48,639
for three decades at least

329
00:13:50,230 --> 00:13:49,519
and

330
00:13:52,230 --> 00:13:50,240
but

331
00:13:53,670 --> 00:13:52,240
hopefully hopefully we can turn that

332
00:13:56,150 --> 00:13:53,680
around because what we did then is

333
00:13:59,189 --> 00:13:56,160
doable again and i think the next major

334
00:14:00,870 --> 00:13:59,199
goal is not to spend three days just

335
00:14:03,430 --> 00:14:00,880
on the moon or three weeks or three

336
00:14:05,430 --> 00:14:03,440
months on the moon but to sit here have

337
00:14:07,189 --> 00:14:05,440
you folks or your kids or grandkids sit

338
00:14:08,470 --> 00:14:07,199
here and talk to a group of guys that

339
00:14:11,110 --> 00:14:08,480
can tell you what it was like to go to

340
00:14:18,310 --> 00:14:14,829
uh i think uh let me answer that

341
00:14:21,189 --> 00:14:18,320
operationally uh two week stay or three

342
00:14:23,750 --> 00:14:21,199
weeks day of what on the moon is uh

343
00:14:26,069 --> 00:14:23,760
is a challenge uh

344
00:14:27,269 --> 00:14:26,079
for the systems that we have today we

345
00:14:29,670 --> 00:14:27,279
need to

346
00:14:31,030 --> 00:14:29,680
develop a better spacesuit

347
00:14:33,030 --> 00:14:31,040
more

348
00:14:36,150 --> 00:14:33,040
tactile feeling

349
00:14:39,350 --> 00:14:38,230
lunar dust i think is going to be a real

350
00:14:41,509 --> 00:14:39,360
problem

351
00:14:42,470 --> 00:14:41,519
for a long duration

352
00:14:43,990 --> 00:14:42,480
so

353
00:14:47,269 --> 00:14:44,000
we're looking at you should look at

354
00:14:48,069 --> 00:14:47,279
concepts of uh airlocks where we leave

355
00:14:55,350 --> 00:14:48,079
the

356
00:14:58,470 --> 00:14:55,360
things like that that we need to look at

357
00:15:01,670 --> 00:14:58,480
and uh to develop and and that's work is

358
00:15:04,550 --> 00:15:01,680
going on uh i participated in a

359
00:15:08,310 --> 00:15:04,560
back in december a few of us did a lunar

360
00:15:11,590 --> 00:15:08,320
uh suit uh symposium uh jack schmidt

361
00:15:13,269 --> 00:15:11,600
apollo 17 uh chaired that

362
00:15:15,750 --> 00:15:13,279
we're looking at some of the new

363
00:15:18,069 --> 00:15:15,760
architectures and so the operational

364
00:15:20,550 --> 00:15:18,079
problems we're going to solve those uh

365
00:15:22,870 --> 00:15:20,560
and we're trying to give our uh

366
00:15:26,949 --> 00:15:22,880
experience to those decisions to help

367
00:15:28,629 --> 00:15:26,959
them make the right decisions uh and uh

368
00:15:31,030 --> 00:15:28,639
i i

369
00:15:32,710 --> 00:15:31,040
i think we can do it and i

370
00:15:35,509 --> 00:15:32,720
and i think the human spirit is going to

371
00:15:40,870 --> 00:15:35,519
return us to the moon and then build on

372
00:15:43,110 --> 00:15:40,880
that and on we go to to mars eventually

373
00:15:45,189 --> 00:15:43,120
those things we need to do

374
00:15:46,470 --> 00:15:45,199
uh for long-duration flight for

375
00:15:48,389 --> 00:15:46,480
protection

376
00:15:50,310 --> 00:15:48,399
uh and all that why go to the most

377
00:15:51,910 --> 00:15:50,320
difficult place the surface of the moon

378
00:15:54,150 --> 00:15:51,920
to do those why not do those at the

379
00:15:56,470 --> 00:15:54,160
space station prolong the life of the

380
00:15:59,590 --> 00:15:56,480
space station make the internationals

381
00:16:02,310 --> 00:15:59,600
happy develop an exploration module that

382
00:16:05,350 --> 00:16:02,320
will last a year two years and three

383
00:16:08,069 --> 00:16:05,360
years something that can be adapted to

384
00:16:09,749 --> 00:16:08,079
land on asteroids land on fovus and

385
00:16:12,069 --> 00:16:09,759
eventually because it's designed

386
00:16:12,949 --> 00:16:12,079
initially to land on mars instead of the

387
00:16:14,870 --> 00:16:12,959
moon

388
00:16:18,389 --> 00:16:14,880
we've got a pathway

389
00:16:21,189 --> 00:16:18,399
that doesn't require us to expend our

390
00:16:23,110 --> 00:16:21,199
resources that are precious right now we

391
00:16:25,829 --> 00:16:23,120
put 100 billion dollars into the space

392
00:16:27,749 --> 00:16:25,839
station and that's uh uh enormous in

393
00:16:30,790 --> 00:16:27,759
comparison to what the other nations do

394
00:16:33,590 --> 00:16:30,800
do we want to put 200 billion into

395
00:16:35,189 --> 00:16:33,600
permanence on the moon or uh

396
00:16:37,670 --> 00:16:35,199
six months on the moon

397
00:16:39,590 --> 00:16:37,680
why we can help other people with only

398
00:16:41,910 --> 00:16:39,600
studies we talked about

399
00:16:44,710 --> 00:16:41,920
the dust on the moon is different than

400
00:16:47,990 --> 00:16:44,720
the dust on on mars it's different from

401
00:16:50,230 --> 00:16:48,000
the dust here because there's no water

402
00:16:52,629 --> 00:16:50,240
no air up there and so it's fractured

403
00:16:57,670 --> 00:16:52,639
it's sharp pieces of dust and that's not

404
00:17:02,069 --> 00:17:00,069
thank you all right question down here

405
00:17:04,470 --> 00:17:02,079
randy shostak with eos the newspaper of

406
00:17:06,870 --> 00:17:04,480
the american geophysical union not to

407
00:17:08,789 --> 00:17:06,880
mince wards then president nixon told

408
00:17:10,789 --> 00:17:08,799
the apollo 11 astronauts when you came

409
00:17:12,150 --> 00:17:10,799
back quote this is the greatest week in

410
00:17:13,350 --> 00:17:12,160
the history of the world since the

411
00:17:15,590 --> 00:17:13,360
creation

412
00:17:21,829 --> 00:17:15,600
uh i'd like comments and perspective

413
00:17:27,350 --> 00:17:23,750
well it was uh it was eight days and it

414
00:17:29,510 --> 00:17:27,360
was certainly a great eight days uh

415
00:17:32,150 --> 00:17:29,520
we we didn't start with let there be

416
00:17:35,029 --> 00:17:32,160
light and then end up uh

417
00:17:38,310 --> 00:17:35,039
with at the end of the the week uh set

418
00:17:41,110 --> 00:17:38,320
aside sundays for uh reflection

419
00:17:42,549 --> 00:17:41,120
um i don't know what the greatest week

420
00:17:46,390 --> 00:17:42,559
in history is

421
00:17:48,789 --> 00:17:46,400
uh but it was certainly a pioneering

422
00:17:51,029 --> 00:17:48,799
opening the door

423
00:17:53,669 --> 00:17:51,039
with the door open when we touch down on

424
00:17:55,190 --> 00:17:53,679
the moon because that is what enabled

425
00:17:57,430 --> 00:17:55,200
uh humans

426
00:17:58,950 --> 00:17:57,440
to put many many more footprints on the

427
00:18:01,029 --> 00:17:58,960
surface of the moon

428
00:18:03,270 --> 00:18:01,039
landing on another object is what will

429
00:18:05,350 --> 00:18:03,280
enable us to put many other things

430
00:18:08,630 --> 00:18:05,360
determine many other things with humans

431
00:18:10,789 --> 00:18:08,640
being there inspiring other people

432
00:18:13,190 --> 00:18:10,799
america to mars is

433
00:18:16,870 --> 00:18:13,200
what ought to be not america back to the

434
00:18:19,110 --> 00:18:16,880
moon america can use our experience

435
00:18:20,390 --> 00:18:19,120
great experience and the last four years

436
00:18:22,549 --> 00:18:20,400
of experience

437
00:18:24,630 --> 00:18:22,559
in detail preparation for us to go we

438
00:18:27,510 --> 00:18:24,640
can share that with somebody else let's

439
00:18:29,669 --> 00:18:27,520
do that let's expand our resources in

440
00:18:31,909 --> 00:18:29,679
these precious times when we have to

441
00:18:34,549 --> 00:18:31,919
conserve things right now

442
00:18:39,750 --> 00:18:34,559
now is a starting point when we need to

443
00:18:44,070 --> 00:18:42,710
let me comment a little bit if i can

444
00:18:46,950 --> 00:18:44,080
thank you

445
00:18:48,230 --> 00:18:46,960
uh we have to again to look at what we

446
00:18:50,710 --> 00:18:48,240
want to do

447
00:18:53,029 --> 00:18:50,720
with our space activities

448
00:18:55,430 --> 00:18:53,039
what do we want to accomplish

449
00:18:56,950 --> 00:18:55,440
now if you talk to the scientists

450
00:19:00,710 --> 00:18:56,960
we barely

451
00:19:02,630 --> 00:19:00,720
they would love to have the last of the

452
00:19:05,590 --> 00:19:02,640
apollo flights continue

453
00:19:07,590 --> 00:19:05,600
you know 18 19 and 20. because we've

454
00:19:09,350 --> 00:19:07,600
just stepped on the moon we spent at the

455
00:19:11,350 --> 00:19:09,360
most three days there

456
00:19:14,310 --> 00:19:11,360
so if you talk to the scientific

457
00:19:17,110 --> 00:19:14,320
community there's a lot still to be done

458
00:19:18,070 --> 00:19:17,120
on the moon which is just 240 000 miles

459
00:19:21,029 --> 00:19:18,080
away

460
00:19:25,430 --> 00:19:21,039
now if you want to look at a national

461
00:19:26,870 --> 00:19:25,440
project one that brings prestige and uh

462
00:19:28,630 --> 00:19:26,880
and you know

463
00:19:31,350 --> 00:19:28,640
something that you can be proud of and

464
00:19:34,070 --> 00:19:31,360
it really a consortium of countries

465
00:19:35,990 --> 00:19:34,080
then we want to go to mars

466
00:19:38,230 --> 00:19:36,000
and as bus says there's a lot we can do

467
00:19:40,150 --> 00:19:38,240
with the international space station

468
00:19:41,909 --> 00:19:40,160
because we spent a lot of money up there

469
00:19:44,390 --> 00:19:41,919
for almost nothing it's almost a white

470
00:19:46,150 --> 00:19:44,400
elephant and until we can really get a

471
00:19:49,190 --> 00:19:46,160
return on our investment of that

472
00:19:52,150 --> 00:19:49,200
particular project then it

473
00:19:54,549 --> 00:19:52,160
it was money wasted so you have to look

474
00:19:56,150 --> 00:19:54,559
at what the priorities of our space

475
00:19:58,070 --> 00:19:56,160
activities are

476
00:19:59,909 --> 00:19:58,080
go back to the moon

477
00:20:01,430 --> 00:19:59,919
expand the space station to look back at

478
00:20:04,149 --> 00:20:01,440
the earth

479
00:20:05,590 --> 00:20:04,159
go on to mars which is a grand project

480
00:20:07,430 --> 00:20:05,600
which will probably be

481
00:20:09,669 --> 00:20:07,440
accumulation of many of the countries

482
00:20:11,190 --> 00:20:09,679
and probably by that time china after

483
00:20:13,270 --> 00:20:11,200
feeling that they are very confident in

484
00:20:16,070 --> 00:20:13,280
space will join us

485
00:20:18,070 --> 00:20:16,080
then that is a a project that will bring

486
00:20:20,630 --> 00:20:18,080
the earth closer together all the

487
00:20:23,669 --> 00:20:20,640
countries working on a project that has

488
00:20:23,679 --> 00:20:26,070
okay

489
00:20:29,590 --> 00:20:27,830
i guess we all have

490
00:20:31,029 --> 00:20:29,600
an opinion on what we should do next and

491
00:20:33,270 --> 00:20:31,039
it's a great debate

492
00:20:34,390 --> 00:20:33,280
i always find it quite stimulating

493
00:20:36,630 --> 00:20:34,400
but i'd like to

494
00:20:39,029 --> 00:20:36,640
emphasize a couple of points

495
00:20:41,830 --> 00:20:39,039
going to the moon exploring the moon is

496
00:20:43,750 --> 00:20:41,840
very very difficult it's not easy

497
00:20:46,310 --> 00:20:43,760
sometimes we made it look easy because

498
00:20:48,070 --> 00:20:46,320
the television was terrific i remember

499
00:20:50,549 --> 00:20:48,080
jack schmidt bouncing across the moon

500
00:20:51,990 --> 00:20:50,559
staying in mary month of may wasn't easy

501
00:20:53,350 --> 00:20:52,000
it was difficult

502
00:20:56,950 --> 00:20:53,360
going to mars

503
00:20:59,270 --> 00:20:56,960
is about a factor of 10 more difficult

504
00:21:01,270 --> 00:20:59,280
we know how to do it we could land but

505
00:21:03,830 --> 00:21:01,280
the duration of the flight almost three

506
00:21:06,549 --> 00:21:03,840
years puts us in a situation where we

507
00:21:08,070 --> 00:21:06,559
need new technology and new capabilities

508
00:21:09,669 --> 00:21:08,080
to go to mars

509
00:21:11,830 --> 00:21:09,679
at the same time

510
00:21:15,029 --> 00:21:11,840
going to mars over that long period of

511
00:21:18,390 --> 00:21:15,039
time is very expensive cost about two

512
00:21:20,789 --> 00:21:18,400
jillion dollars or whatever

513
00:21:23,669 --> 00:21:20,799
and in a democratic society

514
00:21:25,830 --> 00:21:23,679
we have to have a reason to sustain a

515
00:21:28,549 --> 00:21:25,840
high level of funding for a long period

516
00:21:31,750 --> 00:21:28,559
of time we live in a democratic society

517
00:21:33,750 --> 00:21:31,760
fortunately but we have to find a reason

518
00:21:36,390 --> 00:21:33,760
to go to mars that will continue the

519
00:21:37,990 --> 00:21:36,400
funding and i sort of like to step back

520
00:21:40,549 --> 00:21:38,000
and look at it i i believe in

521
00:21:42,710 --> 00:21:40,559
exploration i was really lucky i was

522
00:21:45,270 --> 00:21:42,720
part of this great group of guys

523
00:21:46,310 --> 00:21:45,280
and the other 400 000 people who made it

524
00:21:47,430 --> 00:21:46,320
happen

525
00:21:50,230 --> 00:21:47,440
but you know

526
00:21:52,549 --> 00:21:50,240
it's sort of like columbus just returned

527
00:21:54,549 --> 00:21:52,559
and the world isn't flat after all

528
00:21:56,710 --> 00:21:54,559
but cabot and magellan haven't been born

529
00:21:59,029 --> 00:21:56,720
yet and the pilgrims aren't even on the

530
00:22:01,510 --> 00:21:59,039
drawing board so i think we're at the

531
00:22:03,750 --> 00:22:01,520
beginning of a long long phase of

532
00:22:05,350 --> 00:22:03,760
exploration into the planets and i think

533
00:22:07,350 --> 00:22:05,360
we will go to mars

534
00:22:09,190 --> 00:22:07,360
we'll have to take it a step at a time

535
00:22:11,510 --> 00:22:09,200
and i would challenge everybody to think

536
00:22:13,350 --> 00:22:11,520
about what's the reason to go how can we

537
00:22:16,149 --> 00:22:13,360
stimulate the public and stimulate

538
00:22:17,909 --> 00:22:16,159
congress to fund it in the long term but

539
00:22:20,149 --> 00:22:17,919
i'm sure we'll do it and i look forward

540
00:22:22,630 --> 00:22:20,159
to seeing the young people who are

541
00:22:24,870 --> 00:22:22,640
learning today go do it for us

542
00:22:26,870 --> 00:22:24,880
what percentage of the national budget

543
00:22:29,750 --> 00:22:26,880
is a jillion

544
00:22:32,870 --> 00:22:29,760
no no i said two jillion

545
00:22:35,669 --> 00:22:32,880
all right twice as much what percentage

546
00:22:37,909 --> 00:22:35,679
i mean we got a half a percent right now

547
00:22:40,230 --> 00:22:37,919
we'll keep going at a half a percent

548
00:22:41,830 --> 00:22:40,240
until we get out of this recession you

549
00:22:44,310 --> 00:22:41,840
don't have to make the investment to go

550
00:22:46,190 --> 00:22:44,320
to mars right now a little bit more

551
00:22:49,350 --> 00:22:46,200
the investment that we made back in the

552
00:22:51,350 --> 00:22:49,360
1960s was paying back you got the return

553
00:22:54,549 --> 00:22:51,360
on the investment for the next 30 years

554
00:22:55,430 --> 00:22:54,559
it was a driver of technology that it

555
00:22:56,950 --> 00:22:55,440
really

556
00:22:59,270 --> 00:22:56,960
helped make us

557
00:23:01,669 --> 00:22:59,280
the leading driving economic force in

558
00:23:03,830 --> 00:23:01,679
the world what are we doing today what

559
00:23:06,070 --> 00:23:03,840
investment are we making today that will

560
00:23:09,510 --> 00:23:06,080
ensure that we have that kind of return

561
00:23:12,549 --> 00:23:09,520
for the next 30 years i don't see it out

562
00:23:15,110 --> 00:23:12,559
there somebody ought to be educating

563
00:23:16,870 --> 00:23:15,120
right here in washington dc what is the

564
00:23:20,310 --> 00:23:16,880
difference between an investment and an

565
00:23:23,590 --> 00:23:20,320
expenditure the 1960s we invested four

566
00:23:25,669 --> 00:23:23,600
percent of the federal budget up to four

567
00:23:26,950 --> 00:23:25,679
percent in the federal budget

568
00:23:27,990 --> 00:23:26,960
some place where it was going to make a

569
00:23:30,710 --> 00:23:28,000
return

570
00:23:33,350 --> 00:23:30,720
we now seem to be think it's too much to

571
00:23:34,390 --> 00:23:33,360
put even 0.6 percent into the nasa

572
00:23:39,190 --> 00:23:34,400
budget

573
00:23:42,149 --> 00:23:41,190
okay thank you let's uh take a question

574
00:23:44,789 --> 00:23:42,159
down here

575
00:23:46,549 --> 00:23:44,799
um for mr aldrin

576
00:23:48,149 --> 00:23:46,559
since this is the 40th anniversary can

577
00:23:51,350 --> 00:23:48,159
you take us back

578
00:23:52,789 --> 00:23:51,360
to the moment when you're leaving the

579
00:23:54,789 --> 00:23:52,799
orbiter

580
00:23:56,950 --> 00:23:54,799
you and neil armstrong what you were

581
00:23:59,190 --> 00:23:56,960
thinking what you were feeling were you

582
00:24:03,430 --> 00:23:59,200
afraid did you look at each other just

583
00:24:07,350 --> 00:24:05,990
i i was marketing some books uh

584
00:24:08,470 --> 00:24:07,360
yesterday

585
00:24:10,470 --> 00:24:08,480
uh

586
00:24:12,230 --> 00:24:10,480
called magnificent desolation and i

587
00:24:13,669 --> 00:24:12,240
explained a lot of these long and about

588
00:24:16,070 --> 00:24:13,679
you don't want to get me

589
00:24:18,149 --> 00:24:16,080
involved in the feelings uh along the

590
00:24:20,070 --> 00:24:18,159
whole flight path down to the surface of

591
00:24:22,870 --> 00:24:20,080
the moon we'll never get out of here

592
00:24:24,950 --> 00:24:22,880
we felt like we had a job to do we were

593
00:24:27,110 --> 00:24:24,960
looking at the checklist mike and neal

594
00:24:30,070 --> 00:24:27,120
and i and we were doing things as it

595
00:24:33,110 --> 00:24:30,080
unfolded marveling at what it was but it

596
00:24:35,510 --> 00:24:33,120
wasn't the first time gene and tom had

597
00:24:37,669 --> 00:24:35,520
done these things on apollo 9.

598
00:24:39,909 --> 00:24:37,679
they had feelings too they just weren't

599
00:24:41,990 --> 00:24:39,919
going to land on the moon

600
00:24:45,830 --> 00:24:42,000
but we instead of

601
00:24:48,149 --> 00:24:45,840
stopping at 50 000 feet or 47 000 feet

602
00:24:50,630 --> 00:24:48,159
we we kept going we lit the engine and

603
00:24:53,190 --> 00:24:50,640
we uh opened the door to the future of

604
00:24:54,230 --> 00:24:53,200
exploration by touching down on another

605
00:24:56,310 --> 00:24:54,240
object

606
00:24:57,750 --> 00:24:56,320
were we emotionally involved in that no

607
00:25:00,549 --> 00:24:57,760
we're trying to make a successful

608
00:25:02,470 --> 00:25:00,559
landing and when we touched down and i

609
00:25:04,789 --> 00:25:02,480
said contact like we looked at each

610
00:25:05,750 --> 00:25:04,799
other and kind of briefly congratulated

611
00:25:07,269 --> 00:25:05,760
each other

612
00:25:10,870 --> 00:25:07,279
but if something was wrong we had to

613
00:25:11,590 --> 00:25:10,880
abort quickly or wait for two hours

614
00:25:16,310 --> 00:25:11,600
uh

615
00:25:19,830 --> 00:25:16,320
worrying you're not fearful those are

616
00:25:22,390 --> 00:25:19,840
clouding emotions that cloud performance

617
00:25:24,710 --> 00:25:22,400
performance requires an alert

618
00:25:26,710 --> 00:25:24,720
uh mind looking to the future that's

619
00:25:28,549 --> 00:25:26,720
what we were doing

620
00:25:30,470 --> 00:25:28,559
having

621
00:25:32,230 --> 00:25:30,480
motion is involved

622
00:25:34,549 --> 00:25:32,240
the adrenaline is pumping everything

623
00:25:36,549 --> 00:25:34,559
buzz said is right but there's something

624
00:25:37,750 --> 00:25:36,559
else happening that you don't have total

625
00:25:39,669 --> 00:25:37,760
control of

626
00:25:42,149 --> 00:25:39,679
that you got to accept at the time

627
00:25:43,750 --> 00:25:42,159
because when we landed on 17 the earth

628
00:25:46,149 --> 00:25:43,760
wasn't up here it was out the front

629
00:25:48,149 --> 00:25:46,159
wheeler the whole time all the way down

630
00:25:50,470 --> 00:25:48,159
to the surface and if that isn't

631
00:25:52,230 --> 00:25:50,480
emotional then nothing in the world

632
00:25:53,269 --> 00:25:52,240
is

633
00:25:55,669 --> 00:25:53,279
all right

634
00:25:58,230 --> 00:25:55,679
okay thank you um we want to remind you

635
00:26:00,390 --> 00:25:58,240
please don't use flash photography

636
00:26:04,149 --> 00:26:00,400
and we'll take a question down here

637
00:26:05,990 --> 00:26:04,159
bob asman nbc news retired

638
00:26:06,950 --> 00:26:06,000
this is a question you can all discuss

639
00:26:08,950 --> 00:26:06,960
you've been talking about the

640
00:26:11,990 --> 00:26:08,960
international space station

641
00:26:14,390 --> 00:26:12,000
what's to keep it uh from

642
00:26:17,590 --> 00:26:14,400
propelling itself to a higher orbit and

643
00:26:20,070 --> 00:26:17,600
perhaps making a real way station to

644
00:26:23,269 --> 00:26:20,080
mars and beyond in other words use of

645
00:26:25,590 --> 00:26:23,279
the space station it has rocket power

646
00:26:26,870 --> 00:26:25,600
can't we raise the orbit enough to make

647
00:26:28,230 --> 00:26:26,880
it uh

648
00:26:30,230 --> 00:26:28,240
no

649
00:26:32,710 --> 00:26:30,240
there's an intense radiation at the

650
00:26:35,430 --> 00:26:32,720
south atlantic anomaly and that limits

651
00:26:37,590 --> 00:26:35,440
the upper uh altitude that you want the

652
00:26:39,190 --> 00:26:37,600
space station

653
00:26:41,909 --> 00:26:39,200
we made a decision to put the

654
00:26:44,789 --> 00:26:41,919
international space station in a 51.6

655
00:26:46,230 --> 00:26:44,799
degree inclination orbit

656
00:26:47,990 --> 00:26:46,240
that limited

657
00:26:50,549 --> 00:26:48,000
our choices of what we can do with it as

658
00:26:52,549 --> 00:26:50,559
a way as a way station to mars from that

659
00:26:55,990 --> 00:26:52,559
time on originally it was planned to go

660
00:26:57,590 --> 00:26:56,000
in what 28 28 and a half degree orbit

661
00:26:58,789 --> 00:26:57,600
from that particular angle of

662
00:27:01,430 --> 00:26:58,799
inclination

663
00:27:02,710 --> 00:27:01,440
it could have had some uh functionality

664
00:27:05,350 --> 00:27:02,720
in as a

665
00:27:06,789 --> 00:27:05,360
way station and kickoff to mars so we

666
00:27:08,230 --> 00:27:06,799
have to use it for a lot of other things

667
00:27:09,669 --> 00:27:08,240
now but it's probably not going to be

668
00:27:10,870 --> 00:27:09,679
used to

669
00:27:12,950 --> 00:27:10,880
head us out to

670
00:27:15,430 --> 00:27:12,960
go on a little bit further again in that

671
00:27:17,750 --> 00:27:15,440
year's study we looked at that

672
00:27:19,830 --> 00:27:17,760
but it uh really

673
00:27:22,470 --> 00:27:19,840
you know it really didn't

674
00:27:25,590 --> 00:27:22,480
wasn't a very good option

675
00:27:30,389 --> 00:27:27,990
we we talked about everything except our

676
00:27:32,870 --> 00:27:30,399
national deficit which is pretty steep

677
00:27:34,789 --> 00:27:32,880
and getting steeper by the day

678
00:27:38,389 --> 00:27:34,799
what are the chances of nasa

679
00:27:42,389 --> 00:27:38,399
accomplishing even a minimal program uh

680
00:27:45,269 --> 00:27:44,310
well i think you know uh

681
00:27:46,870 --> 00:27:45,279
every

682
00:27:48,549 --> 00:27:46,880
company in the united states has a

683
00:27:50,710 --> 00:27:48,559
capital budget

684
00:27:52,149 --> 00:27:50,720
and they invest some of their capital

685
00:27:54,549 --> 00:27:52,159
into the future

686
00:27:58,149 --> 00:27:54,559
and to me that's what the space program

687
00:27:59,269 --> 00:27:58,159
is uh is an investment in our future

688
00:28:01,110 --> 00:27:59,279
uh

689
00:28:03,590 --> 00:28:01,120
as we all say

690
00:28:05,830 --> 00:28:03,600
there was not one dime spent on the moon

691
00:28:08,870 --> 00:28:05,840
it was all spin in america

692
00:28:12,310 --> 00:28:08,880
and it and it created technologies uh

693
00:28:15,750 --> 00:28:12,320
and uh that we all enjoy today

694
00:28:18,950 --> 00:28:15,760
my blackberry has 65 thousand times the

695
00:28:21,190 --> 00:28:18,960
memory of our apollo computer and so we

696
00:28:23,830 --> 00:28:21,200
all enjoy the benefits of the

697
00:28:27,510 --> 00:28:23,840
technologies that we developed and so we

698
00:28:30,950 --> 00:28:27,520
should continue to invest

699
00:28:33,190 --> 00:28:30,960
some resources as our nation into

700
00:28:35,190 --> 00:28:33,200
the future like every company does you

701
00:28:36,870 --> 00:28:35,200
know what that investment amounts to for

702
00:28:39,110 --> 00:28:36,880
all of us here in this room who pay

703
00:28:44,870 --> 00:28:39,120
taxes i hope we all do

704
00:28:51,909 --> 00:28:49,029
uh less than one penny out of every

705
00:28:53,830 --> 00:28:51,919
dollar we send to the federal government

706
00:28:57,990 --> 00:28:53,840
in income taxes

707
00:28:59,750 --> 00:28:58,000
goes to space less than one of your tax

708
00:29:02,710 --> 00:28:59,760
dollars one pen out of every one of your

709
00:29:06,389 --> 00:29:02,720
tax dollars goes to support space you

710
00:29:12,149 --> 00:29:08,389
haven't we really experienced just

711
00:29:14,789 --> 00:29:12,159
recently the uh the flexibility of uh

712
00:29:15,830 --> 00:29:14,799
promoting uh funds for doing various

713
00:29:17,350 --> 00:29:15,840
things

714
00:29:18,870 --> 00:29:17,360
i mean haven't we just had a great

715
00:29:20,870 --> 00:29:18,880
recession haven't we had all that

716
00:29:24,389 --> 00:29:20,880
stimulus money suddenly

717
00:29:26,549 --> 00:29:24,399
show up trillions i couldn't imagine it

718
00:29:28,230 --> 00:29:26,559
and uh so if a little bit of stimulus

719
00:29:29,430 --> 00:29:28,240
flowed towards

720
00:29:30,710 --> 00:29:29,440
space

721
00:29:34,389 --> 00:29:30,720
which is a

722
00:29:37,269 --> 00:29:34,399
a program of creativity that brings

723
00:29:39,990 --> 00:29:37,279
technology and uh

724
00:29:42,870 --> 00:29:40,000
and knowledge back to the people of the

725
00:29:44,630 --> 00:29:42,880
earth it's a one part of a stimulus

726
00:29:46,310 --> 00:29:44,640
program that would really

727
00:29:48,870 --> 00:29:46,320
pay off with

728
00:29:51,909 --> 00:29:48,880
a lot of dividends the older the older

729
00:29:54,310 --> 00:29:51,919
that i get the more i realize that what

730
00:29:56,310 --> 00:29:54,320
happens in the space program is less a

731
00:29:58,549 --> 00:29:56,320
function of what we can do or what the

732
00:30:01,510 --> 00:29:58,559
technology is and it's a function of

733
00:30:03,269 --> 00:30:01,520
what you do right here in washington

734
00:30:04,230 --> 00:30:03,279
where those things don't seem to be a

735
00:30:06,630 --> 00:30:04,240
factor

736
00:30:09,029 --> 00:30:06,640
it's the politics and the the money the

737
00:30:11,269 --> 00:30:09,039
expenditures going on here it's up to

738
00:30:13,029 --> 00:30:11,279
you people right here in washington to

739
00:30:14,710 --> 00:30:13,039
start doing something about that to

740
00:30:16,389 --> 00:30:14,720
straighten out that kind of a thinking

741
00:30:18,950 --> 00:30:16,399
to know the difference between an

742
00:30:20,870 --> 00:30:18,960
expenditure and an investment let me

743
00:30:23,990 --> 00:30:20,880
bring up a point i think said this

744
00:30:25,750 --> 00:30:24,000
several times that if apollo the

745
00:30:27,990 --> 00:30:25,760
internet had been there when apollo went

746
00:30:29,590 --> 00:30:28,000
on we'd had a very difficult time of

747
00:30:31,830 --> 00:30:29,600
completing apollo

748
00:30:33,350 --> 00:30:31,840
because after the tragic fire and other

749
00:30:35,590 --> 00:30:33,360
times there were all different

750
00:30:37,350 --> 00:30:35,600
engineering

751
00:30:38,789 --> 00:30:37,360
scientists said we should do it this way

752
00:30:40,870 --> 00:30:38,799
or it's unsafe

753
00:30:42,950 --> 00:30:40,880
but then we had good decision makers we

754
00:30:45,669 --> 00:30:42,960
made the decisions we went ahead

755
00:30:47,669 --> 00:30:45,679
today when that happens they go to their

756
00:30:49,830 --> 00:30:47,679
computer and send an email to the

757
00:30:52,310 --> 00:30:49,840
staffers on the hill the congressman to

758
00:30:54,549 --> 00:30:52,320
the press to you people and so it shows

759
00:30:55,590 --> 00:30:54,559
up all over we didn't have that in

760
00:30:57,830 --> 00:30:55,600
apollo

761
00:30:59,590 --> 00:30:57,840
it had been lots tougher in nepal think

762
00:31:01,029 --> 00:30:59,600
about that

763
00:31:02,230 --> 00:31:01,039
thank you we'll uh we will take some

764
00:31:03,990 --> 00:31:02,240
more question headquarters but first

765
00:31:08,230 --> 00:31:04,000
let's take a couple questions from ames

766
00:31:13,830 --> 00:31:11,190
hi this is mike swift with the san jose

767
00:31:15,509 --> 00:31:13,840
mercury news

768
00:31:17,190 --> 00:31:15,519
people always remember the names of

769
00:31:20,710 --> 00:31:17,200
explorers that dave scott earlier

770
00:31:22,710 --> 00:31:20,720
mentioned cabot magellan in columbus and

771
00:31:25,269 --> 00:31:22,720
a thousand years from now

772
00:31:27,509 --> 00:31:25,279
the only names of people now live that

773
00:31:28,710 --> 00:31:27,519
people may know maybe neil armstrong but

774
00:31:32,230 --> 00:31:28,720
aldrin

775
00:31:33,909 --> 00:31:32,240
jim lovell gene cernan um how do you

776
00:31:35,669 --> 00:31:33,919
guys feel about having that type of

777
00:31:37,430 --> 00:31:35,679
notoriety and

778
00:31:38,950 --> 00:31:37,440
do you see it as a burden or an

779
00:31:42,389 --> 00:31:38,960
opportunity and have you dealt with it

780
00:31:42,399 --> 00:31:47,029
i don't have to worry about it

781
00:31:52,070 --> 00:31:49,190
yeah i don't think that uh

782
00:31:54,870 --> 00:31:52,080
uh all of us except for perhaps the 11

783
00:31:57,029 --> 00:31:54,880
crew because uh they did complete the

784
00:31:58,630 --> 00:31:57,039
project which started and they're our

785
00:32:00,630 --> 00:31:58,640
most well known

786
00:32:03,269 --> 00:32:00,640
really have to worry about that

787
00:32:05,830 --> 00:32:03,279
celebrity status uh uh

788
00:32:08,470 --> 00:32:05,840
i think most of us live our normal lives

789
00:32:10,950 --> 00:32:08,480
we're not really bothered except on you

790
00:32:12,710 --> 00:32:10,960
know occasions like this that

791
00:32:15,110 --> 00:32:12,720
that that we

792
00:32:16,789 --> 00:32:15,120
are congenial to talk to the people

793
00:32:18,630 --> 00:32:16,799
i can see the problems that the apollo

794
00:32:19,830 --> 00:32:18,640
11 crew can have

795
00:32:23,750 --> 00:32:19,840
uh

796
00:32:25,669 --> 00:32:23,760
sorry for neil every once in a while

797
00:32:27,669 --> 00:32:25,679
because he's every time he goes

798
00:32:29,269 --> 00:32:27,679
someplace in public he's usually

799
00:32:30,630 --> 00:32:29,279
recognized and

800
00:32:32,310 --> 00:32:30,640
people want to ask questions take

801
00:32:33,909 --> 00:32:32,320
pictures get autographs and things like

802
00:32:39,269 --> 00:32:33,919
that but they'll only have to do that

803
00:32:43,750 --> 00:32:41,909
i'd like to make an observation maybe

804
00:32:47,509 --> 00:32:43,760
some validity to it

805
00:32:52,070 --> 00:32:47,519
somewhere around world war ii

806
00:32:55,750 --> 00:32:52,080
the expansion of human capabilities

807
00:32:58,710 --> 00:32:55,760
reached beyond the ability of one person

808
00:33:01,669 --> 00:32:58,720
to marshal his idea together

809
00:33:05,350 --> 00:33:01,679
and lead people to do something

810
00:33:08,470 --> 00:33:05,360
it has taken a team to do things

811
00:33:11,029 --> 00:33:08,480
none of us up here originated the idea

812
00:33:13,029 --> 00:33:11,039
of going to the moon and then organize

813
00:33:15,190 --> 00:33:13,039
the people to do that

814
00:33:18,389 --> 00:33:15,200
but lindbergh did

815
00:33:20,950 --> 00:33:18,399
and byrd did and the other people that

816
00:33:22,950 --> 00:33:20,960
we look to as explorers that go down in

817
00:33:25,110 --> 00:33:22,960
history

818
00:33:26,310 --> 00:33:25,120
somebody said to

819
00:33:31,190 --> 00:33:26,320
uh

820
00:33:36,950 --> 00:33:33,830
i don't know which one stepped on the

821
00:33:38,549 --> 00:33:36,960
missouri river first

822
00:33:40,870 --> 00:33:38,559
but it was lewis and clark doing

823
00:33:42,630 --> 00:33:40,880
something and they carried out to the

824
00:33:45,110 --> 00:33:42,640
best of their ability

825
00:33:47,190 --> 00:33:45,120
without instructions from washington dc

826
00:33:51,029 --> 00:33:47,200
or anywhere else

827
00:33:55,830 --> 00:33:51,039
the the pioneers uh had real

828
00:33:57,350 --> 00:33:55,840
pioneering activities and experiences

829
00:33:59,509 --> 00:33:57,360
that they carried out because they

830
00:34:01,750 --> 00:33:59,519
originated the idea they marshaled the

831
00:34:05,269 --> 00:34:01,760
people behind them

832
00:34:07,669 --> 00:34:05,279
now we're going to send some people

833
00:34:09,190 --> 00:34:07,679
we the planet earth is going to send

834
00:34:11,190 --> 00:34:09,200
some people

835
00:34:13,909 --> 00:34:11,200
one day

836
00:34:16,310 --> 00:34:13,919
to the surface of mars

837
00:34:18,550 --> 00:34:16,320
and and uh if we think we're going to

838
00:34:20,790 --> 00:34:18,560
send them there for a year and a half

839
00:34:22,470 --> 00:34:20,800
and bring them back

840
00:34:24,310 --> 00:34:22,480
and then send another group there for a

841
00:34:26,550 --> 00:34:24,320
year and a half and bring them back i'll

842
00:34:28,790 --> 00:34:26,560
tell you what washington will do they

843
00:34:30,149 --> 00:34:28,800
will find another way to spend that

844
00:34:32,470 --> 00:34:30,159
money

845
00:34:35,909 --> 00:34:32,480
unless we have declared

846
00:34:39,190 --> 00:34:35,919
that our objective is an increasing

847
00:34:41,430 --> 00:34:39,200
permanence a settlement

848
00:34:42,710 --> 00:34:41,440
the pioneers the pilgrims on the

849
00:34:44,470 --> 00:34:42,720
mayflower

850
00:34:46,869 --> 00:34:44,480
did not come over and hang around

851
00:34:50,149 --> 00:34:46,879
plymouth rock looking for their way back

852
00:34:53,669 --> 00:34:50,159
home again let's start thinking

853
00:34:55,829 --> 00:34:53,679
of exploration as it really is and are

854
00:34:57,750 --> 00:34:55,839
we up to it

855
00:34:59,670 --> 00:34:57,760
i don't think there's any point in

856
00:35:02,390 --> 00:34:59,680
sending human beings

857
00:35:04,630 --> 00:35:02,400
to the surface of the moon and having

858
00:35:05,750 --> 00:35:04,640
them spend the rest of their career

859
00:35:10,550 --> 00:35:05,760
there

860
00:35:12,069 --> 00:35:10,560
but i am entertaining that idea

861
00:35:14,710 --> 00:35:12,079
that willingness

862
00:35:17,190 --> 00:35:14,720
until we have the technology that can

863
00:35:18,950 --> 00:35:17,200
afford to send people there and bring

864
00:35:21,990 --> 00:35:18,960
them back i asked

865
00:35:24,310 --> 00:35:22,000
dr craft chris kraft up at mit

866
00:35:25,750 --> 00:35:24,320
i said look when i look at mission

867
00:35:27,510 --> 00:35:25,760
planning and what it takes to get

868
00:35:30,710 --> 00:35:27,520
somebody to mars and what it takes to

869
00:35:32,470 --> 00:35:30,720
get somebody back i think the mission

870
00:35:35,829 --> 00:35:32,480
that sends people there and brings them

871
00:35:38,150 --> 00:35:35,839
back is four times as expensive as if we

872
00:35:41,990 --> 00:35:38,160
just take them there and then supply

873
00:35:44,790 --> 00:35:42,000
them he said no i think it's ten times

874
00:35:47,430 --> 00:35:44,800
so so let's look at what investment we

875
00:35:50,150 --> 00:35:47,440
are thinking about we're we're not

876
00:35:52,390 --> 00:35:50,160
thinking about uh just going across the

877
00:35:55,589 --> 00:35:52,400
atlantic and and coming back we are

878
00:35:57,349 --> 00:35:55,599
thinking of the

879
00:35:59,270 --> 00:35:57,359
the purposes

880
00:36:03,109 --> 00:35:59,280
of which we

881
00:36:05,109 --> 00:36:03,119
should construct a pathway for humans

882
00:36:09,670 --> 00:36:05,119
to mars

883
00:36:11,510 --> 00:36:09,680
steve squires does a wonderful job with

884
00:36:13,829 --> 00:36:11,520
spirit and

885
00:36:15,190 --> 00:36:13,839
and and they're alive for over five

886
00:36:17,270 --> 00:36:15,200
years

887
00:36:20,390 --> 00:36:17,280
other people have estimated that if we

888
00:36:23,109 --> 00:36:20,400
had uh a human being

889
00:36:25,430 --> 00:36:23,119
on pobus the moon of mars directly

890
00:36:27,670 --> 00:36:25,440
controlling those robots in a safe

891
00:36:29,349 --> 00:36:27,680
position not on the surface where they

892
00:36:30,230 --> 00:36:29,359
have to land and they have to lift off

893
00:36:32,390 --> 00:36:30,240
again

894
00:36:35,750 --> 00:36:32,400
we could have done the job of spirit and

895
00:36:38,790 --> 00:36:35,760
opportunity uh in four or five months

896
00:36:41,589 --> 00:36:38,800
instead of years so just think of what

897
00:36:43,349 --> 00:36:41,599
the speed of light means when we are

898
00:36:44,710 --> 00:36:43,359
dealing with the moon or dealing with

899
00:36:47,030 --> 00:36:44,720
the mars

900
00:36:48,710 --> 00:36:47,040
can i get back that question real quick

901
00:36:50,470 --> 00:36:48,720
may surprise you but everyone on this

902
00:36:52,829 --> 00:36:50,480
stage puts their pants on one leg at a

903
00:36:56,230 --> 00:36:52,839
time just like he did

904
00:36:57,829 --> 00:36:56,240
okay but a friend of mine once told me

905
00:37:00,150 --> 00:36:57,839
that's fine but

906
00:37:02,550 --> 00:37:00,160
other people don't look at you the same

907
00:37:04,710 --> 00:37:02,560
way you look at yourself which is good

908
00:37:07,589 --> 00:37:04,720
other people look at these guys

909
00:37:08,950 --> 00:37:07,599
differently than they look at themselves

910
00:37:11,349 --> 00:37:08,960
they all went to the moon they all went

911
00:37:13,589 --> 00:37:11,359
to space they all did something

912
00:37:15,430 --> 00:37:13,599
that comes with a tremendous opportunity

913
00:37:17,750 --> 00:37:15,440
because then there and anyone here who

914
00:37:19,589 --> 00:37:17,760
doesn't realize that they can get

915
00:37:22,069 --> 00:37:19,599
your attention that's why you're here

916
00:37:24,069 --> 00:37:22,079
they get young people's attention if

917
00:37:25,910 --> 00:37:24,079
they if they get people listening to

918
00:37:28,470 --> 00:37:25,920
them so they gotta we gotta watch what

919
00:37:30,470 --> 00:37:28,480
we say and we gotta make sure we believe

920
00:37:32,390 --> 00:37:30,480
ourselves and what we say

921
00:37:34,790 --> 00:37:32,400
but it comes with an awesome

922
00:37:36,230 --> 00:37:34,800
responsibility when we got assigned to a

923
00:37:37,270 --> 00:37:36,240
crew and assigned to a flight no one

924
00:37:38,870 --> 00:37:37,280
said you're going to get your name in

925
00:37:40,710 --> 00:37:38,880
the history book and that was not part

926
00:37:43,109 --> 00:37:40,720
of the equation

927
00:37:47,270 --> 00:37:43,119
it just happened that way but there is a

928
00:37:48,870 --> 00:37:47,280
tremendous responsibility that goes with

929
00:37:51,510 --> 00:37:48,880
what you asked about

930
00:37:53,750 --> 00:37:51,520
because you do look at us

931
00:37:56,069 --> 00:37:53,760
differently than we look at ourselves

932
00:37:58,150 --> 00:37:56,079
which is the way it should be we're just

933
00:38:00,069 --> 00:37:58,160
like you we're just we just happen to be

934
00:38:02,230 --> 00:38:00,079
the luckiest group of people in the

935
00:38:03,990 --> 00:38:02,240
entire history of the modern world to

936
00:38:05,510 --> 00:38:04,000
have done something to live our dreams

937
00:38:07,030 --> 00:38:05,520
to go somewhere where no man has ever

938
00:38:07,910 --> 00:38:07,040
gone before

939
00:38:12,950 --> 00:38:07,920
and

940
00:38:14,710 --> 00:38:12,960
back in some way or another or provide

941
00:38:16,710 --> 00:38:14,720
as buzz and the guys are talking about

942
00:38:19,829 --> 00:38:16,720
the opportunities for those who follow

943
00:38:21,829 --> 00:38:19,839
in our footsteps

944
00:38:27,190 --> 00:38:21,839
to once again

945
00:38:31,030 --> 00:38:28,390
thank you we'll take one more question

946
00:38:35,589 --> 00:38:33,270
hi ron ludi with the san francisco

947
00:38:38,870 --> 00:38:35,599
business times

948
00:38:41,670 --> 00:38:38,880
you guys talked about a uh less than one

949
00:38:44,550 --> 00:38:41,680
cent per tax dollar commitment uh to

950
00:38:48,230 --> 00:38:44,560
nasa right now is there more of a public

951
00:38:52,470 --> 00:38:48,240
private solution needed to get to mars

952
00:38:56,710 --> 00:38:54,710
i think that

953
00:38:58,790 --> 00:38:56,720
having commercial

954
00:39:00,950 --> 00:38:58,800
operations to develop

955
00:39:02,870 --> 00:39:00,960
cargo carrying and the like

956
00:39:04,710 --> 00:39:02,880
maybe the only solution we got with the

957
00:39:05,990 --> 00:39:04,720
gap coming up maybe the only solution we

958
00:39:08,630 --> 00:39:06,000
have for

959
00:39:10,310 --> 00:39:08,640
resupplying with american technology the

960
00:39:12,870 --> 00:39:10,320
international space station but i think

961
00:39:15,670 --> 00:39:12,880
that when it comes to commercial

962
00:39:17,349 --> 00:39:15,680
manned operations i think

963
00:39:19,270 --> 00:39:17,359
that the companies out there today

964
00:39:22,390 --> 00:39:19,280
really have not even begun to scratch

965
00:39:23,750 --> 00:39:22,400
the surface and it'll be a a long time

966
00:39:26,950 --> 00:39:23,760
before

967
00:39:29,030 --> 00:39:26,960
they will match the same kind of

968
00:39:30,550 --> 00:39:29,040
emphasis technology

969
00:39:32,790 --> 00:39:30,560
safety requirements and what have you

970
00:39:37,430 --> 00:39:32,800
that we enjoyed at nasa that's my

971
00:39:40,950 --> 00:39:39,190
okay thank you we'll now take a question

972
00:39:41,910 --> 00:39:40,960
one more question from field centers we

973
00:39:46,069 --> 00:39:41,920
have one from langley and then we'll

974
00:39:49,510 --> 00:39:47,270
hi this is mike grouse from the

975
00:39:52,310 --> 00:39:49,520
virginian pilot newspaper my question is

976
00:39:54,630 --> 00:39:52,320
um what should nasa's priorities be once

977
00:39:55,750 --> 00:39:54,640
we land on mars are there studies or

978
00:39:58,230 --> 00:39:55,760
experiments

979
00:40:00,150 --> 00:39:58,240
that you feel we should be conducting or

980
00:40:00,950 --> 00:40:00,160
setting up tourism basis what whatever

981
00:40:04,790 --> 00:40:00,960
what are

982
00:40:06,870 --> 00:40:04,800
land on mars

983
00:40:09,030 --> 00:40:06,880
well i think we ought to wait till

984
00:40:09,750 --> 00:40:09,040
the augustine commission completes its

985
00:40:12,710 --> 00:40:09,760
uh

986
00:40:15,109 --> 00:40:12,720
recommendations there in august you'll

987
00:40:16,470 --> 00:40:15,119
come up with a series of options

988
00:40:18,710 --> 00:40:16,480
and that would be a better time

989
00:40:20,790 --> 00:40:18,720
everybody has their own idea now i think

990
00:40:23,990 --> 00:40:20,800
always kind of agree eventually

991
00:40:25,910 --> 00:40:24,000
to mars in what degree could vary but

992
00:40:28,550 --> 00:40:25,920
let's wait to see what augustine he's

993
00:40:30,630 --> 00:40:28,560
got some good people general les lyles

994
00:40:32,790 --> 00:40:30,640
and other people there on board that

995
00:40:34,950 --> 00:40:32,800
come up let's wait and see and have this

996
00:40:37,030 --> 00:40:34,960
discussion in august we got a goal we

997
00:40:38,470 --> 00:40:37,040
need to explore but let's look at the

998
00:40:39,430 --> 00:40:38,480
options

999
00:40:41,910 --> 00:40:39,440
tom

1000
00:40:45,109 --> 00:40:41,920
he's asking what we think

1001
00:40:46,790 --> 00:40:45,119
we should be doing on mars

1002
00:40:48,950 --> 00:40:46,800
we should wait until

1003
00:40:52,470 --> 00:40:48,960
augustine commission says we're going to

1004
00:40:57,510 --> 00:40:54,790
augustine will will obviously say that

1005
00:40:58,950 --> 00:40:57,520
this is some of their options yeah and

1006
00:41:01,109 --> 00:40:58,960
then

1007
00:41:02,550 --> 00:41:01,119
the management i think all of us are

1008
00:41:05,190 --> 00:41:02,560
here are pretty much

1009
00:41:07,910 --> 00:41:05,200
convinced that mars is a gold we should

1010
00:41:09,589 --> 00:41:07,920
shoot for to explore to go there how we

1011
00:41:10,950 --> 00:41:09,599
go there may have some different

1012
00:41:13,190 --> 00:41:10,960
approaches

1013
00:41:15,270 --> 00:41:13,200
and i'm sure he'll recommend that as one

1014
00:41:17,589 --> 00:41:15,280
of some of the options

1015
00:41:20,069 --> 00:41:17,599
but that was his charter from the white

1016
00:41:21,829 --> 00:41:20,079
house was to come up review all this

1017
00:41:23,910 --> 00:41:21,839
he's and also his

1018
00:41:25,910 --> 00:41:23,920
charter got expanded both the

1019
00:41:28,390 --> 00:41:25,920
constellation program review and

1020
00:41:29,349 --> 00:41:28,400
exploration and the station

1021
00:41:31,910 --> 00:41:29,359
so

1022
00:41:34,950 --> 00:41:31,920
there's no life on the moon

1023
00:41:37,190 --> 00:41:34,960
okay we don't know about mars right okay

1024
00:41:39,109 --> 00:41:37,200
there may be life on mars if there is

1025
00:41:41,190 --> 00:41:39,119
it's pretty i'm sure we ought to go

1026
00:41:43,750 --> 00:41:41,200
there and look at it right on okay when

1027
00:41:46,309 --> 00:41:43,760
we get there and we don't find any life

1028
00:41:48,390 --> 00:41:46,319
on mars from that point on there will be

1029
00:41:50,390 --> 00:41:48,400
life on mars because we'll bring it

1030
00:41:52,790 --> 00:41:50,400
there whether it's germs

1031
00:41:55,430 --> 00:41:52,800
and and leftover urine bags or or

1032
00:41:57,430 --> 00:41:55,440
whatever it is

1033
00:41:58,870 --> 00:41:57,440
there's already that

1034
00:42:00,150 --> 00:41:58,880
in that

1035
00:42:03,670 --> 00:42:00,160
lunar

1036
00:42:05,589 --> 00:42:03,680
modulus state snoopy this going around

1037
00:42:06,870 --> 00:42:05,599
in a heliocentric orbit right now you

1038
00:42:09,589 --> 00:42:06,880
can't ever tell what's going to evolve

1039
00:42:12,550 --> 00:42:11,430
answer your question what we're going to

1040
00:42:14,230 --> 00:42:12,560
do when we go

1041
00:42:17,030 --> 00:42:14,240
maybe that's where we're going to go

1042
00:42:19,349 --> 00:42:17,040
because we don't know yet

1043
00:42:21,430 --> 00:42:19,359
that's human exploration that's that's

1044
00:42:23,109 --> 00:42:21,440
curiosity is the essence of human

1045
00:42:25,190 --> 00:42:23,119
existence let's go and find out what we

1046
00:42:27,829 --> 00:42:25,200
need to do

1047
00:42:28,630 --> 00:42:27,839
things spirit and opportunity can't tell

1048
00:42:30,630 --> 00:42:28,640
us

1049
00:42:31,750 --> 00:42:30,640
put the human brain the human mind the

1050
00:42:33,349 --> 00:42:31,760
intellect

1051
00:42:36,069 --> 00:42:33,359
on mars and then we can answer that

1052
00:42:39,510 --> 00:42:37,510
okay thank you we have a question over

1053
00:42:42,309 --> 00:42:39,520
here i'm alison smith from the canadian

1054
00:42:43,270 --> 00:42:42,319
broadcasting corporation

1055
00:42:44,790 --> 00:42:43,280
the work

1056
00:42:47,190 --> 00:42:44,800
that you did

1057
00:42:48,870 --> 00:42:47,200
inspired more than a generation and some

1058
00:42:51,190 --> 00:42:48,880
of it we see around the international

1059
00:42:53,190 --> 00:42:51,200
space station you talked mr cernan about

1060
00:42:54,950 --> 00:42:53,200
the responsibility of that

1061
00:42:56,630 --> 00:42:54,960
but mr level you also talked about the

1062
00:42:58,950 --> 00:42:56,640
international space station as almost

1063
00:43:00,309 --> 00:42:58,960
being a white elephant i'm curious to

1064
00:43:03,589 --> 00:43:00,319
know

1065
00:43:05,990 --> 00:43:03,599
what you see in the space program today

1066
00:43:08,069 --> 00:43:06,000
that can be an inspiration for the next

1067
00:43:10,309 --> 00:43:08,079
generation

1068
00:43:11,270 --> 00:43:10,319
well i mentioned it as a white elephant

1069
00:43:13,430 --> 00:43:11,280
and i was

1070
00:43:15,510 --> 00:43:13,440
doing some of the initial studies of of

1071
00:43:16,550 --> 00:43:15,520
the space station when i was still with

1072
00:43:18,470 --> 00:43:16,560
nasa

1073
00:43:21,109 --> 00:43:18,480
and i'm saying that uh

1074
00:43:22,790 --> 00:43:21,119
as of to now uh the people up there are

1075
00:43:24,790 --> 00:43:22,800
merely maintaining that station and

1076
00:43:27,670 --> 00:43:24,800
building it up and we have

1077
00:43:29,670 --> 00:43:27,680
about a three or five year uh

1078
00:43:32,390 --> 00:43:29,680
period where we will not have the

1079
00:43:34,390 --> 00:43:32,400
orbiters to complete uh

1080
00:43:35,990 --> 00:43:34,400
the work that we're doing there so we

1081
00:43:37,990 --> 00:43:36,000
have a problem with the space station i

1082
00:43:40,230 --> 00:43:38,000
want to see the space station have a

1083
00:43:41,750 --> 00:43:40,240
return on our investment i think it can

1084
00:43:44,150 --> 00:43:41,760
be it can look back at the earth and

1085
00:43:46,390 --> 00:43:44,160
learn more about the earth it can be a

1086
00:43:48,390 --> 00:43:46,400
waypoint it can be we can look at other

1087
00:43:50,230 --> 00:43:48,400
things that the space station can use

1088
00:43:52,150 --> 00:43:50,240
things that we haven't thought about yet

1089
00:43:53,990 --> 00:43:52,160
so when i say it's a white elephant it

1090
00:43:56,309 --> 00:43:54,000
has been a white elephant we've been

1091
00:43:57,349 --> 00:43:56,319
building it up we have not gotten really

1092
00:43:59,750 --> 00:43:57,359
any

1093
00:44:02,309 --> 00:43:59,760
substantial uh

1094
00:44:04,630 --> 00:44:02,319
experimentation from it uh

1095
00:44:06,630 --> 00:44:04,640
we've used that as a waypoint sometimes

1096
00:44:08,630 --> 00:44:06,640
we've done a lot more with the hubble

1097
00:44:10,390 --> 00:44:08,640
space telescope which i think was one of

1098
00:44:14,470 --> 00:44:10,400
the greatest triumphs of the space

1099
00:44:18,870 --> 00:44:17,030
i see inspiration to use it yes it's up

1100
00:44:22,870 --> 00:44:18,880
there what it does

1101
00:44:24,630 --> 00:44:22,880
that is important is perhaps more uh

1102
00:44:26,950 --> 00:44:24,640
political in the fact that we have a

1103
00:44:28,870 --> 00:44:26,960
consortium of countries now

1104
00:44:31,750 --> 00:44:28,880
that can work at the space station we

1105
00:44:34,069 --> 00:44:31,760
have gotten japan and and and germany of

1106
00:44:37,510 --> 00:44:34,079
the union of the the european space

1107
00:44:39,750 --> 00:44:37,520
agencies uh the russia they're all

1108
00:44:41,190 --> 00:44:39,760
working together in some aspect the

1109
00:44:42,230 --> 00:44:41,200
intercourse of these countries working

1110
00:44:43,430 --> 00:44:42,240
together

1111
00:44:45,430 --> 00:44:43,440
has a

1112
00:44:47,190 --> 00:44:45,440
method of learning more about the

1113
00:44:51,270 --> 00:44:47,200
countries themselves and we're using

1114
00:44:52,950 --> 00:44:51,280
space as an item to do that uh and and i

1115
00:44:54,790 --> 00:44:52,960
in that respect the space station i

1116
00:44:57,190 --> 00:44:54,800
think has some merit to it

1117
00:45:00,390 --> 00:44:57,200
as a scientific tool i think that the

1118
00:45:01,910 --> 00:45:00,400
space station has a long way to go

1119
00:45:03,750 --> 00:45:01,920
here

1120
00:45:05,430 --> 00:45:03,760
i want to follow up my classmates my

1121
00:45:06,150 --> 00:45:05,440
naval academy and my colleague has to

1122
00:45:07,910 --> 00:45:06,160
say

1123
00:45:10,150 --> 00:45:07,920
and i'll take maybe a slightly different

1124
00:45:11,670 --> 00:45:10,160
approach since i chair the independent

1125
00:45:14,710 --> 00:45:11,680
oversight committee for international

1126
00:45:16,550 --> 00:45:14,720
space station for nasa's volunteer work

1127
00:45:19,190 --> 00:45:16,560
right now is the first time we finally

1128
00:45:21,109 --> 00:45:19,200
have a six-person crew up there

1129
00:45:22,630 --> 00:45:21,119
and the russians are committed over the

1130
00:45:24,390 --> 00:45:22,640
next seven

1131
00:45:27,510 --> 00:45:24,400
eighteen months to have seventeen

1132
00:45:29,990 --> 00:45:27,520
launches that's progresses and psi users

1133
00:45:33,030 --> 00:45:30,000
now and also we have an atv coming up

1134
00:45:36,470 --> 00:45:33,040
from a european space agency and we have

1135
00:45:38,950 --> 00:45:36,480
the japanese uh htv coming up that will

1136
00:45:40,390 --> 00:45:38,960
carry heavier payloads up or they will

1137
00:45:42,470 --> 00:45:40,400
be as good as the shuttle no but

1138
00:45:44,870 --> 00:45:42,480
there'll be a lot more of them so let's

1139
00:45:46,870 --> 00:45:44,880
see but they also they added one shuttle

1140
00:45:49,910 --> 00:45:46,880
flight that's very very significant

1141
00:45:52,870 --> 00:45:49,920
called the alpha magnetic spectrometer

1142
00:45:55,589 --> 00:45:52,880
developed by mit and this will be placed

1143
00:45:57,670 --> 00:45:55,599
on seven different locations seven

1144
00:46:00,790 --> 00:45:57,680
on the station to look out in the deep

1145
00:46:03,270 --> 00:46:00,800
space to look and determine potentials

1146
00:46:04,470 --> 00:46:03,280
of black matter in the formation of the

1147
00:46:06,870 --> 00:46:04,480
universe

1148
00:46:08,550 --> 00:46:06,880
in response to your question and also a

1149
00:46:10,710 --> 00:46:08,560
little bit in response to my friend jim

1150
00:46:12,870 --> 00:46:10,720
here

1151
00:46:15,190 --> 00:46:12,880
if the international space station has

1152
00:46:17,670 --> 00:46:15,200
some limited functionality going forward

1153
00:46:19,430 --> 00:46:17,680
other than just a laboratory

1154
00:46:21,990 --> 00:46:19,440
it's because of the decision that was

1155
00:46:23,589 --> 00:46:22,000
made to put it in a 51.6 degree

1156
00:46:26,710 --> 00:46:23,599
inclination orbit

1157
00:46:28,470 --> 00:46:26,720
that decision was pure simply politics

1158
00:46:30,950 --> 00:46:28,480
it was a decision made to bring the

1159
00:46:32,630 --> 00:46:30,960
russians in when the russians came in

1160
00:46:34,550 --> 00:46:32,640
there's the only way that they could

1161
00:46:36,630 --> 00:46:34,560
really take part in that that space

1162
00:46:38,710 --> 00:46:36,640
station so that was a political decision

1163
00:46:40,470 --> 00:46:38,720
once more half of it at least comes back

1164
00:46:42,390 --> 00:46:40,480
here to washington dc

1165
00:46:43,589 --> 00:46:42,400
and when when it comes to

1166
00:46:45,589 --> 00:46:43,599
the gap

1167
00:46:47,510 --> 00:46:45,599
the biggest problem that we have going

1168
00:46:49,750 --> 00:46:47,520
forward because all of these other

1169
00:46:50,870 --> 00:46:49,760
timelines that you hear downstream

1170
00:46:52,630 --> 00:46:50,880
they're all

1171
00:46:56,870 --> 00:46:52,640
artificial timelines there's nothing

1172
00:47:00,069 --> 00:46:56,880
magic about 2015 getting back up or 2016

1173
00:47:03,270 --> 00:47:00,079
or the moon by 2020 there's only one

1174
00:47:04,710 --> 00:47:03,280
real deadline that deadline is when they

1175
00:47:05,829 --> 00:47:04,720
quit flying the international space

1176
00:47:07,589 --> 00:47:05,839
station

1177
00:47:09,430 --> 00:47:07,599
i happen to believe that that is the

1178
00:47:10,630 --> 00:47:09,440
biggest mistake we've made in a long

1179
00:47:13,190 --> 00:47:10,640
long time

1180
00:47:15,829 --> 00:47:13,200
but it's also

1181
00:47:17,430 --> 00:47:15,839
kind of fruitless to try to to to get it

1182
00:47:19,589 --> 00:47:17,440
going people have been convinced the

1183
00:47:21,430 --> 00:47:19,599
congressman especially to quit funding

1184
00:47:23,430 --> 00:47:21,440
the international space station

1185
00:47:25,430 --> 00:47:23,440
big mistake

1186
00:47:27,190 --> 00:47:25,440
let me let me answer

1187
00:47:29,589 --> 00:47:27,200
let me bring up again

1188
00:47:31,990 --> 00:47:29,599
committee walt said it was political in

1189
00:47:35,030 --> 00:47:32,000
one way the main thing was we needed a

1190
00:47:36,470 --> 00:47:35,040
safety return a crew escape vehicle in

1191
00:47:38,549 --> 00:47:36,480
case something would happen to the

1192
00:47:39,750 --> 00:47:38,559
shuttle which you did you know on

1193
00:47:41,670 --> 00:47:39,760
columbia

1194
00:47:44,069 --> 00:47:41,680
and as a result of what happened there

1195
00:47:46,150 --> 00:47:44,079
on challenger and the only reliable

1196
00:47:48,870 --> 00:47:46,160
littlest thing that could get you back a

1197
00:47:50,309 --> 00:47:48,880
spacecraft capsule was the sius that's

1198
00:47:56,950 --> 00:47:50,319
the main reason

1199
00:48:01,430 --> 00:47:59,670
let me be cruelly honest

1200
00:48:03,750 --> 00:48:01,440
jim said it's a white elephant compared

1201
00:48:06,470 --> 00:48:03,760
to what not what we did what what

1202
00:48:09,190 --> 00:48:06,480
america did during apollo

1203
00:48:11,030 --> 00:48:09,200
we have today the brightest young men

1204
00:48:12,630 --> 00:48:11,040
and women in the space program and they

1205
00:48:14,150 --> 00:48:12,640
would put us to shame let me tell you

1206
00:48:15,910 --> 00:48:14,160
they're more educated they qualify

1207
00:48:17,349 --> 00:48:15,920
they've done everything there is to do

1208
00:48:20,150 --> 00:48:17,359
and i've done it in a shorter period of

1209
00:48:21,589 --> 00:48:20,160
time we kicked the door open and and

1210
00:48:23,670 --> 00:48:21,599
threw out a plum and they reeled in a

1211
00:48:25,589 --> 00:48:23,680
lemon that's the crews those are the

1212
00:48:28,710 --> 00:48:25,599
guys the gals i expected to take us back

1213
00:48:33,990 --> 00:48:28,720
to the moon and on mars the cruel the

1214
00:48:39,910 --> 00:48:37,190
everybody knows who john glenn is

1215
00:48:42,230 --> 00:48:39,920
l shepherd neil armstrong

1216
00:48:44,710 --> 00:48:42,240
buzz aldrin jim lovell everybody knows

1217
00:48:47,990 --> 00:48:44,720
who those guys are

1218
00:48:50,790 --> 00:48:48,000
i defy almost everyone in this room to

1219
00:48:54,069 --> 00:48:50,800
name one or two or three

1220
00:48:56,549 --> 00:48:54,079
members on a space station today

1221
00:48:58,309 --> 00:48:56,559
certainly a high school kid cannot but

1222
00:49:00,710 --> 00:48:58,319
certainly that high school kid knows who

1223
00:49:01,589 --> 00:49:00,720
jim lovell and daniel armstrong is or

1224
00:49:04,150 --> 00:49:01,599
are

1225
00:49:06,870 --> 00:49:04,160
and that's the difference we need to

1226
00:49:08,790 --> 00:49:06,880
reinspire that kind of spirit in the

1227
00:49:09,670 --> 00:49:08,800
minds and hearts the passion of these

1228
00:49:12,470 --> 00:49:09,680
kids

1229
00:49:14,390 --> 00:49:12,480
to once again do something unique space

1230
00:49:17,030 --> 00:49:14,400
shuttle goes up maybe someone shows it

1231
00:49:18,470 --> 00:49:17,040
on television maybe they don't it's over

1232
00:49:20,549 --> 00:49:18,480
no kids get out of school to watch

1233
00:49:22,309 --> 00:49:20,559
someone walk on the moon

1234
00:49:23,910 --> 00:49:22,319
going to space station tom and all

1235
00:49:26,069 --> 00:49:23,920
difference to you no i don't even know

1236
00:49:27,750 --> 00:49:26,079
what the spectrometer is okay i don't

1237
00:49:30,549 --> 00:49:27,760
know what it's going to tell me i don't

1238
00:49:32,710 --> 00:49:30,559
know the most interesting thing in the

1239
00:49:34,710 --> 00:49:32,720
last 25 years

1240
00:49:36,950 --> 00:49:34,720
is the mystery of what this hubble

1241
00:49:39,510 --> 00:49:36,960
telescope is showing us or we're looking

1242
00:49:40,630 --> 00:49:39,520
through time or distance or what beyond

1243
00:49:43,349 --> 00:49:40,640
that

1244
00:49:46,230 --> 00:49:43,359
unfortunately

1245
00:49:49,990 --> 00:49:46,240
science is dull gene no buck rogers no

1246
00:49:54,710 --> 00:49:51,750
i'll be i'll probably be chewed up for

1247
00:49:56,309 --> 00:49:54,720
that one but it's a fact

1248
00:49:57,510 --> 00:49:56,319
thank you let's uh remember to wait for

1249
00:49:59,750 --> 00:49:57,520
the microphone and we have a question

1250
00:50:01,990 --> 00:49:59,760
down here in the front

1251
00:50:03,750 --> 00:50:02,000
elizabeth howell apollo at 40.com uh

1252
00:50:05,829 --> 00:50:03,760
this this question is for all of you

1253
00:50:07,349 --> 00:50:05,839
gentlemen can you say uh what aspect of

1254
00:50:10,470 --> 00:50:07,359
the apollo program has been overlooked

1255
00:50:13,910 --> 00:50:12,230
has been overlooked has been overlooked

1256
00:50:19,670 --> 00:50:13,920
yes

1257
00:50:24,549 --> 00:50:22,069
when the buzz landed on the moon one of

1258
00:50:26,470 --> 00:50:24,559
the things they carried with them was

1259
00:50:28,309 --> 00:50:26,480
microfilm messages wasn't microfilm but

1260
00:50:31,829 --> 00:50:28,319
it was messages from the leaders of all

1261
00:50:33,990 --> 00:50:31,839
the freedom 72 leaders left messages on

1262
00:50:36,710 --> 00:50:34,000
the move and one of them was from prime

1263
00:50:37,589 --> 00:50:36,720
minister jack gordon of australia at the

1264
00:50:39,589 --> 00:50:37,599
time

1265
00:50:40,870 --> 00:50:39,599
and i will never forget what his message

1266
00:50:43,109 --> 00:50:40,880
had to say

1267
00:50:44,390 --> 00:50:43,119
it's the last sentence that's important

1268
00:50:45,829 --> 00:50:44,400
he says made the high courage and

1269
00:50:48,549 --> 00:50:45,839
technical genius which made this

1270
00:50:50,470 --> 00:50:48,559
achievement possible

1271
00:50:52,390 --> 00:50:50,480
be so used in the future that mankind

1272
00:50:55,030 --> 00:50:52,400
will live in a world in which peace

1273
00:50:56,390 --> 00:50:55,040
self-expression and this is the one

1274
00:50:58,790 --> 00:50:56,400
and the chance

1275
00:51:00,870 --> 00:50:58,800
of dangerous adventure are available to

1276
00:51:07,750 --> 00:51:00,880
all

1277
00:51:10,230 --> 00:51:07,760
a risk-averse society it's reflected

1278
00:51:12,069 --> 00:51:10,240
in nasa it's reflected in every aspect

1279
00:51:13,829 --> 00:51:12,079
of what we do today

1280
00:51:17,030 --> 00:51:13,839
you know they the reason they had such a

1281
00:51:20,069 --> 00:51:17,040
huge debate about the apollo the fourth

1282
00:51:21,910 --> 00:51:20,079
uh servicing mission to uh hubble

1283
00:51:24,870 --> 00:51:21,920
was because they couldn't get from the

1284
00:51:27,510 --> 00:51:24,880
hubble's uh orbit to the international

1285
00:51:29,349 --> 00:51:27,520
space station to save the lives if there

1286
00:51:31,190 --> 00:51:29,359
was some kind of a problem

1287
00:51:34,390 --> 00:51:31,200
now prior to that

1288
00:51:37,190 --> 00:51:34,400
time we had put 88

1289
00:51:40,069 --> 00:51:37,200
missions in r at the same or similar

1290
00:51:42,630 --> 00:51:40,079
orbits to the hubble space telescope

1291
00:51:44,710 --> 00:51:42,640
and we never once gave a thought to the

1292
00:51:47,589 --> 00:51:44,720
fact that we had to have some

1293
00:51:49,910 --> 00:51:47,599
safe haven to go to for 30 days so they

1294
00:51:51,750 --> 00:51:49,920
could send somebody back we need to get

1295
00:51:54,390 --> 00:51:51,760
back to the point where we are no longer

1296
00:51:55,990 --> 00:51:54,400
a risk-averse society and that will

1297
00:51:58,390 --> 00:51:56,000
recognize that there are some things in

1298
00:52:05,589 --> 00:51:58,400
life worth taking a chance for there are

1299
00:52:12,309 --> 00:52:06,790
hi

1300
00:52:13,670 --> 00:52:12,319
uh flight controller doing uh all the

1301
00:52:16,069 --> 00:52:13,680
apollo missions

1302
00:52:17,750 --> 00:52:16,079
and uh guys you know back then

1303
00:52:20,710 --> 00:52:17,760
unfortunately we're all older than most

1304
00:52:22,470 --> 00:52:20,720
of the people in this room

1305
00:52:24,790 --> 00:52:22,480
about you tom

1306
00:52:26,790 --> 00:52:24,800
but you know back then we were inspired

1307
00:52:29,990 --> 00:52:26,800
people were excited i mean people just

1308
00:52:34,069 --> 00:52:30,000
couldn't wait to watch the tv to watch a

1309
00:52:35,670 --> 00:52:34,079
space mission i know in apollo 13 uh

1310
00:52:37,190 --> 00:52:35,680
jim you know that was one of the things

1311
00:52:38,549 --> 00:52:37,200
that suddenly that nobody wanted to

1312
00:52:40,390 --> 00:52:38,559
watch the uh

1313
00:52:41,349 --> 00:52:40,400
uh the flight and then all of a sudden

1314
00:52:43,750 --> 00:52:41,359
it was

1315
00:52:45,670 --> 00:52:43,760
all the talk how do we inspire our young

1316
00:52:47,349 --> 00:52:45,680
people the people that go into science i

1317
00:52:49,829 --> 00:52:47,359
mean are we gonna allow this country to

1318
00:52:51,990 --> 00:52:49,839
get behind we were in a space race we

1319
00:52:55,109 --> 00:52:52,000
were everything was exciting how do we

1320
00:52:57,109 --> 00:52:55,119
get that that spirit back into america

1321
00:52:59,030 --> 00:52:57,119
well we try to do that i think most of

1322
00:53:02,309 --> 00:52:59,040
us are involved in uh

1323
00:53:04,470 --> 00:53:02,319
civic opportunities to to inspire young

1324
00:53:08,150 --> 00:53:04,480
people because most of the

1325
00:53:11,109 --> 00:53:08,160
various museums and planetariums and

1326
00:53:11,990 --> 00:53:11,119
things that we all share to do that type

1327
00:53:14,069 --> 00:53:12,000
of work

1328
00:53:15,670 --> 00:53:14,079
it's really an educational for the young

1329
00:53:18,230 --> 00:53:15,680
people to hopefully

1330
00:53:20,790 --> 00:53:18,240
get an inspiration be a so we're sort of

1331
00:53:22,950 --> 00:53:20,800
a catalyst for the people that say hey i

1332
00:53:25,670 --> 00:53:22,960
want to follow through because i can

1333
00:53:29,270 --> 00:53:25,680
recall now when we when we meet people

1334
00:53:31,030 --> 00:53:29,280
who are in their 40s 45 or 50s they said

1335
00:53:35,030 --> 00:53:31,040
hey i was just 10 years old when you

1336
00:53:37,670 --> 00:53:35,040
made that flight uh and uh but now i'm

1337
00:53:39,270 --> 00:53:37,680
an engineer or technician or a scientist

1338
00:53:41,190 --> 00:53:39,280
and that was sort of the inspiration

1339
00:53:43,109 --> 00:53:41,200
that got me started along that field and

1340
00:53:45,910 --> 00:53:43,119
that's what that's really what our job

1341
00:53:46,870 --> 00:53:45,920
is these days uh you look at a lot of

1342
00:53:53,349 --> 00:53:46,880
old

1343
00:53:55,670 --> 00:53:53,359
is to inspire the young people and

1344
00:53:57,589 --> 00:53:55,680
that's what we try to do the only way we

1345
00:53:59,190 --> 00:53:57,599
can get inspiration

1346
00:54:01,430 --> 00:53:59,200
you know what everybody is glued to

1347
00:54:04,950 --> 00:54:01,440
their tv sets is either to have an

1348
00:54:07,589 --> 00:54:04,960
accident like apollo 13 or really get

1349
00:54:09,589 --> 00:54:07,599
going on a mission that inspires

1350
00:54:10,630 --> 00:54:09,599
everybody because when we went to the

1351
00:54:11,829 --> 00:54:10,640
moon

1352
00:54:14,549 --> 00:54:11,839
you know people been thinking about

1353
00:54:15,990 --> 00:54:14,559
going to the moon for hundreds of years

1354
00:54:19,190 --> 00:54:16,000
and suddenly

1355
00:54:22,309 --> 00:54:19,200
towards the middle of last century

1356
00:54:24,790 --> 00:54:22,319
that reality or became a reality hey we

1357
00:54:26,549 --> 00:54:24,800
i think we can really do it and so you

1358
00:54:28,630 --> 00:54:26,559
know every time someone walked outside

1359
00:54:31,030 --> 00:54:28,640
and saw the moon that was the goal that

1360
00:54:33,910 --> 00:54:31,040
we were all striving for at the time

1361
00:54:37,349 --> 00:54:33,920
it's kind of hard to repeat that and of

1362
00:54:39,270 --> 00:54:37,359
course we also had a a contest with the

1363
00:54:42,069 --> 00:54:39,280
great soviet union at the time which

1364
00:54:44,230 --> 00:54:42,079
also inspired all of us for a challenge

1365
00:54:48,150 --> 00:54:44,240
that challenge now is is not there any

1366
00:54:50,470 --> 00:54:48,160
longer so uh it's it's hard to recreate

1367
00:54:52,230 --> 00:54:50,480
and that's why i think some of us are

1368
00:54:54,710 --> 00:54:52,240
you know say hey mars is a good thing to

1369
00:54:56,710 --> 00:54:54,720
do because it is the other it is the

1370
00:54:59,430 --> 00:54:56,720
other moon that that we now have

1371
00:55:01,270 --> 00:54:59,440
conquered uh and so uh

1372
00:55:03,670 --> 00:55:01,280
and so that's the reason why we need the

1373
00:55:06,549 --> 00:55:03,680
inspiration i'd like to second jim's

1374
00:55:09,510 --> 00:55:06,559
comments and also say it's up to you

1375
00:55:10,950 --> 00:55:09,520
in the media and history in the press

1376
00:55:13,349 --> 00:55:10,960
to record

1377
00:55:14,789 --> 00:55:13,359
and sustain the legacy

1378
00:55:17,910 --> 00:55:14,799
we're going to be around for a few more

1379
00:55:20,710 --> 00:55:17,920
years but to inspire the kids i think

1380
00:55:23,190 --> 00:55:20,720
you have to continue this story and

1381
00:55:24,870 --> 00:55:23,200
understand why apollo happened how it

1382
00:55:27,109 --> 00:55:24,880
happened and all the people who

1383
00:55:29,349 --> 00:55:27,119
contributed to it to make it happen

1384
00:55:31,270 --> 00:55:29,359
which stimulated the young people and i

1385
00:55:33,430 --> 00:55:31,280
think it's the legacy of apollo that has

1386
00:55:34,870 --> 00:55:33,440
to go on until we get back to something

1387
00:55:36,789 --> 00:55:34,880
comparable

1388
00:55:40,630 --> 00:55:36,799
and and that's difficult because it's

1389
00:55:42,390 --> 00:55:40,640
good news not bad news

1390
00:55:44,230 --> 00:55:42,400
good point

1391
00:55:45,750 --> 00:55:44,240
how about the fact that in about two

1392
00:55:47,829 --> 00:55:45,760
years we're going to be

1393
00:55:50,069 --> 00:55:47,839
sitting like this to the soviet union

1394
00:55:52,069 --> 00:55:50,079
and china say by the way can you take us

1395
00:55:53,990 --> 00:55:52,079
back to our space station that might

1396
00:55:56,470 --> 00:55:54,000
inspire somebody

1397
00:55:58,870 --> 00:55:56,480
let's not wait until then i'm with you

1398
00:56:01,190 --> 00:55:58,880
both now i'm with you buzz actually

1399
00:56:04,710 --> 00:56:01,200
gene's got a good point as you probably

1400
00:56:07,510 --> 00:56:04,720
know uh the propulsion capability on the

1401
00:56:09,670 --> 00:56:07,520
space station is controlled by russia

1402
00:56:12,470 --> 00:56:09,680
and there that's the country that keeps

1403
00:56:14,150 --> 00:56:12,480
it up and keeps it moving

1404
00:56:15,750 --> 00:56:14,160
so we got to play those cards pretty

1405
00:56:18,710 --> 00:56:15,760
carefully

1406
00:56:20,870 --> 00:56:18,720
atv can do that

1407
00:56:22,150 --> 00:56:20,880
once in a while

1408
00:56:23,589 --> 00:56:22,160
htv

1409
00:56:25,510 --> 00:56:23,599
once in a while

1410
00:56:29,109 --> 00:56:25,520
detected the fact that we are don't have

1411
00:56:32,069 --> 00:56:30,630
it was that anything from the beginning

1412
00:56:35,750 --> 00:56:32,079
i was going to say that's the way it was

1413
00:56:38,950 --> 00:56:37,589
we have time as a team to carry out the

1414
00:56:40,870 --> 00:56:38,960
goals yeah

1415
00:56:42,230 --> 00:56:40,880
let me ask you that let me let me add

1416
00:56:44,950 --> 00:56:42,240
what walt said

1417
00:56:46,950 --> 00:56:44,960
apollo 13 apollo 11 apollo 13 the two

1418
00:56:49,349 --> 00:56:46,960
greatest examples we competed with each

1419
00:56:51,349 --> 00:56:49,359
other tooth and nail head to head to get

1420
00:56:52,549 --> 00:56:51,359
that seat on that spacecraft to get that

1421
00:56:54,630 --> 00:56:52,559
flight

1422
00:56:56,230 --> 00:56:54,640
but come apollo 11

1423
00:56:58,069 --> 00:56:56,240
we're all hitched the same way i get

1424
00:56:59,510 --> 00:56:58,079
pulled in the same direction came apollo

1425
00:57:02,309 --> 00:56:59,520
13

1426
00:57:04,230 --> 00:57:02,319
we were all all hitched to the same dir

1427
00:57:06,309 --> 00:57:04,240
wagon and you know this well and we

1428
00:57:08,390 --> 00:57:06,319
threw away the badges and we're all

1429
00:57:09,270 --> 00:57:08,400
headed in the same direction and and

1430
00:57:14,390 --> 00:57:09,280
that's

1431
00:57:16,630 --> 00:57:14,400
legacies of the space program itself we

1432
00:57:17,990 --> 00:57:16,640
can do those things when we need to do

1433
00:57:19,270 --> 00:57:18,000
them

1434
00:57:20,309 --> 00:57:19,280
thank you we have time for two more

1435
00:57:22,710 --> 00:57:20,319
questions then we're going to have to

1436
00:57:24,549 --> 00:57:22,720
wrap with one up here in the front

1437
00:57:26,789 --> 00:57:24,559
before i ask my question i just like to

1438
00:57:28,549 --> 00:57:26,799
say it's a distinct honor pleasure and

1439
00:57:30,789 --> 00:57:28,559
privilege to be with true american

1440
00:57:35,670 --> 00:57:30,799
heroes especially on this day and i

1441
00:57:35,680 --> 00:57:39,270
thank you

1442
00:57:42,549 --> 00:57:40,549
my question

1443
00:57:44,630 --> 00:57:42,559
relates a little bit to jobs a little

1444
00:57:47,589 --> 00:57:44,640
bit more of politics

1445
00:57:49,510 --> 00:57:47,599
in the 60s you saw a rise in technology

1446
00:57:52,390 --> 00:57:49,520
that created jobs

1447
00:57:54,630 --> 00:57:52,400
we just saw a multi-gazillion dollar

1448
00:57:56,710 --> 00:57:54,640
stimulus package

1449
00:57:58,470 --> 00:57:56,720
if we were all as your emissaries going

1450
00:58:01,030 --> 00:57:58,480
to our local congress

1451
00:58:03,030 --> 00:58:01,040
people members of congress senators and

1452
00:58:05,030 --> 00:58:03,040
saying you got to put up a

1453
00:58:06,789 --> 00:58:05,040
program to mars you know why because

1454
00:58:10,470 --> 00:58:06,799
it's going to create jobs

1455
00:58:12,630 --> 00:58:10,480
not just to the mit phd's but to the

1456
00:58:14,630 --> 00:58:12,640
people with high school diplomas

1457
00:58:15,670 --> 00:58:14,640
technical school diplomas and things

1458
00:58:18,789 --> 00:58:15,680
like that

1459
00:58:20,789 --> 00:58:18,799
what kind of jobs can we tell them that

1460
00:58:22,710 --> 00:58:20,799
a mission to mars is going to create for

1461
00:58:23,829 --> 00:58:22,720
their constituents so they'll put a

1462
00:58:25,990 --> 00:58:23,839
check mark

1463
00:58:28,710 --> 00:58:26,000
in i don't believe you go out

1464
00:58:31,270 --> 00:58:28,720
and try to quote create

1465
00:58:33,910 --> 00:58:31,280
jobs if you make the right investment

1466
00:58:36,710 --> 00:58:33,920
the jobs come it comes from the bottom

1467
00:58:39,750 --> 00:58:36,720
up what you have to do for example in

1468
00:58:41,990 --> 00:58:39,760
our country today if you would make

1469
00:58:44,630 --> 00:58:42,000
things better for small businesses

1470
00:58:48,470 --> 00:58:44,640
especially and let the small businesses

1471
00:58:49,990 --> 00:58:48,480
create the jobs not not phony jobs

1472
00:58:51,510 --> 00:58:50,000
if you make the investment and their

1473
00:58:53,750 --> 00:58:51,520
business starts growing and you allow

1474
00:58:55,030 --> 00:58:53,760
the competition they will create the

1475
00:58:57,349 --> 00:58:55,040
jobs it's happened throughout our

1476
00:58:59,510 --> 00:58:57,359
history why are we throwing that away

1477
00:59:02,630 --> 00:58:59,520
now

1478
00:59:04,150 --> 00:59:02,640
like i said earlier uh that capital

1479
00:59:05,109 --> 00:59:04,160
investment

1480
00:59:07,990 --> 00:59:05,119
that

1481
00:59:09,349 --> 00:59:08,000
all companies make is we make in our and

1482
00:59:12,950 --> 00:59:09,359
our

1483
00:59:14,870 --> 00:59:12,960
space program will create the jobs uh

1484
00:59:16,950 --> 00:59:14,880
the contractors will say i need to hire

1485
00:59:19,510 --> 00:59:16,960
you you you and you and it can be from a

1486
00:59:22,309 --> 00:59:19,520
janitor to the lead engineer

1487
00:59:25,910 --> 00:59:22,319
and so everybody will benefit and so

1488
00:59:27,589 --> 00:59:25,920
those 400 like in apollo 400 000 people

1489
00:59:30,390 --> 00:59:27,599
the ancillary

1490
00:59:32,230 --> 00:59:30,400
benefit from all of that with the

1491
00:59:34,390 --> 00:59:32,240
suppliers and this and that and the

1492
00:59:37,030 --> 00:59:34,400
other and the little moms and pops and

1493
00:59:37,750 --> 00:59:37,040
mcdonald's and all of that they genera

1494
00:59:39,910 --> 00:59:37,760
they

1495
00:59:42,549 --> 00:59:39,920
benefited from all of that

1496
00:59:45,190 --> 00:59:42,559
the money was returned over and over and

1497
00:59:46,710 --> 00:59:45,200
over again and so those are the kind of

1498
00:59:49,030 --> 00:59:46,720
lasting jobs

1499
00:59:51,670 --> 00:59:49,040
that we we create

1500
00:59:53,190 --> 00:59:51,680
and then that technology somebody's

1501
00:59:55,750 --> 00:59:53,200
going to have a bright idea well i'm

1502
00:59:57,829 --> 00:59:55,760
going to make a camera phone i'll uh or

1503
01:00:00,470 --> 00:59:57,839
i'm going to do something and taking

1504
01:00:02,069 --> 01:00:00,480
that technology and we can't even dream

1505
01:00:03,670 --> 01:00:02,079
of some of the things

1506
01:00:09,589 --> 01:00:03,680
that

1507
01:00:11,910 --> 01:00:09,599
for us in the future and by far the

1508
01:00:15,030 --> 01:00:11,920
majority of those jobs were in the

1509
01:00:17,829 --> 01:00:15,040
private sector not in government

1510
01:00:20,309 --> 01:00:17,839
by far the majority and a tribute to

1511
01:00:23,349 --> 01:00:20,319
american industry

1512
01:00:26,069 --> 01:00:23,359
to american ingenuity

1513
01:00:30,789 --> 01:00:26,079
is that everyone who went to the moon

1514
01:00:37,829 --> 01:00:32,470
in

1515
01:00:41,109 --> 01:00:37,839
to the moon to

1516
01:00:42,950 --> 01:00:41,119
build a reusable craft

1517
01:00:45,990 --> 01:00:42,960
two parts of it we're gonna land on a

1518
01:00:47,990 --> 01:00:46,000
runway but we kind of mucked up that one

1519
01:00:50,309 --> 01:00:48,000
uh and and uh

1520
01:00:52,069 --> 01:00:50,319
a couple of parts land in the salt water

1521
01:00:53,430 --> 01:00:52,079
and are towed back the other part lands

1522
01:00:55,670 --> 01:00:53,440
on a runway

1523
01:00:59,829 --> 01:00:55,680
i think that was a good decision

1524
01:01:02,630 --> 01:00:59,839
and we've been 28 years now and once

1525
01:01:05,589 --> 01:01:02,640
the spacecraft returns and becomes

1526
01:01:08,309 --> 01:01:05,599
subsonic we have maneuvered to a

1527
01:01:10,789 --> 01:01:08,319
precision landing on a runway

1528
01:01:13,670 --> 01:01:10,799
do you want to see the next 20 years

1529
01:01:15,670 --> 01:01:13,680
back in the ocean like mercury gemini

1530
01:01:17,510 --> 01:01:15,680
and apollo

1531
01:01:19,750 --> 01:01:17,520
the cots program

1532
01:01:21,190 --> 01:01:19,760
is going to take cargo up and cargo down

1533
01:01:23,829 --> 01:01:21,200
then they're going to take people up and

1534
01:01:25,750 --> 01:01:23,839
people down i can guarantee you that

1535
01:01:28,069 --> 01:01:25,760
it's going to be the cheapest way

1536
01:01:30,390 --> 01:01:28,079
possible just like mercury was the

1537
01:01:32,549 --> 01:01:30,400
cheapest way possible in germany and

1538
01:01:35,270 --> 01:01:32,559
apollo you're going to see our

1539
01:01:37,750 --> 01:01:35,280
astronauts in the future after we retire

1540
01:01:40,950 --> 01:01:37,760
the orbiter landing in the ocean or in

1541
01:01:43,109 --> 01:01:40,960
the desert is that what you want to see

1542
01:01:44,309 --> 01:01:43,119
it's the private sector

1543
01:01:46,470 --> 01:01:44,319
is going to

1544
01:01:49,109 --> 01:01:46,480
make the investment in partnership with

1545
01:01:52,870 --> 01:01:49,119
nasa we have studied orbital space

1546
01:01:56,950 --> 01:01:52,880
planes we've studied hermes on an ariane

1547
01:01:59,190 --> 01:01:56,960
a hope vehicle on a japanese h2 rocket

1548
01:02:01,829 --> 01:01:59,200
the indians would love to leapfrog ahead

1549
01:02:03,029 --> 01:02:01,839
of the chinese who are committed to a

1550
01:02:05,430 --> 01:02:03,039
shenzhou

1551
01:02:08,549 --> 01:02:05,440
like like a soyuz

1552
01:02:10,870 --> 01:02:08,559
there's an opportunity for commercial

1553
01:02:12,710 --> 01:02:10,880
international

1554
01:02:15,349 --> 01:02:12,720
space

1555
01:02:17,510 --> 01:02:15,359
craft that lands on a runway that

1556
01:02:20,069 --> 01:02:17,520
follows the pattern of the shuttle but

1557
01:02:22,630 --> 01:02:20,079
it only takes six or eight people that's

1558
01:02:24,470 --> 01:02:22,640
the opening of adventure travel into

1559
01:02:26,630 --> 01:02:24,480
orbit we're going to wait for richard

1560
01:02:29,190 --> 01:02:26,640
branson to do that are we going to do

1561
01:02:31,670 --> 01:02:29,200
that in this country

1562
01:02:33,510 --> 01:02:31,680
you need private investors absolutely

1563
01:02:35,829 --> 01:02:33,520
you do that

1564
01:02:37,270 --> 01:02:35,839
we're all part of a government program

1565
01:02:37,990 --> 01:02:37,280
and i agree with you

1566
01:02:40,710 --> 01:02:38,000
that

1567
01:02:42,870 --> 01:02:40,720
the privatization of space will occur

1568
01:02:44,870 --> 01:02:42,880
but it's only when the people who are

1569
01:02:47,349 --> 01:02:44,880
involved in that see a return on their

1570
01:02:48,950 --> 01:02:47,359
investment and we have privatization and

1571
01:02:52,710 --> 01:02:48,960
communication satellites weather

1572
01:02:55,670 --> 01:02:52,720
satellites gps we and all that is is is

1573
01:02:57,990 --> 01:02:55,680
well done but until we get uh a

1574
01:03:00,150 --> 01:02:58,000
privatization of you know transportation

1575
01:03:01,670 --> 01:03:00,160
to the space station and back again and

1576
01:03:04,390 --> 01:03:01,680
we see that those people who are

1577
01:03:06,470 --> 01:03:04,400
involved and invested in it see a return

1578
01:03:08,309 --> 01:03:06,480
you're not going to get it

1579
01:03:10,549 --> 01:03:08,319
unfortunately we are out of time so we

1580
01:03:11,829 --> 01:03:10,559
are not going to take any more questions

1581
01:03:13,270 --> 01:03:11,839
that will conclude today's news

1582
01:03:15,349 --> 01:03:13,280
conference on the apollo 40th

1583
01:03:18,109 --> 01:03:15,359
anniversary more information on apollo